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The precise coordination of the many events in nervous system development is absolutely critical for the correct establishment of functional circuits. The postganglionic sympathetic neuron has been an amenable model for studying peripheral nervous system formation. Factors that control several developmental events, including multiple stages of axon extension, neuron survival and death, dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and establishment of functional diversity, have been identified in this neuron type. This knowledge allows us to integrate the various intricate processes involved in the formation of a functional sympathetic nervous system and thereby create a paradigm for understanding neuronal development in general.
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Animated version of Figure 6: Schematic representation of sympathetic cholinergic phenotype acquisition. Sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands are initially noradrenergic and express TH but not cholinergic markers such as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or VIP. These neurons stimulate functional maturation of their target, which then induces cholinergic differentiation of the innervating neurons by secreting an unidentified neurokine that signals through LIFRβ/gp130. The cholinergic switch includes a transient stage during which the neurons express both noradrenergic [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] and cholinergic (ChAT and VIP) characteristics, but they eventually become fully cholinergic (TH–, ChAT+, VIP+).
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