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Annual Review of Animal Biosciences - Early Publication
Reviews in Advance appear online ahead of the full published volume. View expected publication dates for upcoming volumes.
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No More Extinctions: Recovering Australia's Biodiversity
First published online: 01 October 2024More LessMost conservation programs and laws aim to prevent extinction. However, there is a gulf between such aspirations and the current reality of escalating biodiversity loss. This review focuses on efforts to prevent extinctions in Australia, but much of this consideration is likely to apply globally. As context, we consider the reasons for trying to prevent extinction, review Australia's extinction record, and note that there are likely to be many more extinctions than formally recognized. We describe recent cases where conservation actions have prevented extinction. We note that extinction is a pathway rather than solely an endpoint, and many decisions made or not made on that pathway can determine the fate of species. We conclude that all looming extinctions can and should be prevented. This will require transformational change in legislation, increased resourcing, more consideration of poorly known species, and increased societal recognition of the need to be responsible for the care of country.
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Improving Nutrition Security in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and the Role of Animal-Source Foods
First published online: 24 September 2024More LessNutrition security is challenging in regions where resources are limited and food production is naturally constrained. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), undernutrition is high for many reasons, including lack of nutritional diversity and low high-quality protein content. Interest in the role of animal-source food (ASF) in reducing nutrition insecurity is increasing, as evidence from LMICs suggests that consumption of ASF is strongly associated with reduction in stunting, improved diet quality, and overall nutrition, particularly in early stages of life. We review the strengths and limitations of ASF consumption in terms of accessibility, safety, and nutritional benefits compared to non-ASF sources. We present a critical discussion on existing barriers to ASF consumption and its future directions in LMICs. Understanding the role of ASF in improving nutrition security in LMICs is crucial to optimizing public health, designing appropriate interventions, and implementing effective policy in resource-poor settings.
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Pregnancy Establishment and Diagnosis in Livestock
First published online: 21 August 2024More LessThis comprehensive review explores the complex processes of reproduction, pregnancy establishment, and pregnancy diagnostic methods in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses, and camelids. It provides an overview of the history of pregnancy detection and an in-depth exploration of the physiology of pregnancy in livestock. The detection of conceptus tissue and fluids, conceptus-produced hormones, and maternal responses to conceptus signals, crucial for pregnancy diagnosis, are also discussed in detail, as are emerging methods for pregnancy diagnosis in livestock species. Overall, this review emphasizes the direct impact of pregnancy diagnosis and efficient pregnancy management for profitability of livestock enterprises.
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Future of Immune Modulation in Animal Agriculture
First published online: 19 August 2024More LessImmune modulation in animal agriculture has been of research interest for several decades, yet only a few immunomodulators have received regulatory approval in the United States and around the world. In this review, we summarize market and regulatory environments impacting commercial development of immunomodulators for use in livestock and poultry. In the United States, very few immunomodulators have received regulatory approval for use in livestock by either the US Department of Agriculture Center for Veterinary Biologics or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, only one immunomodulator has received FDA approval, and an extensive body of peer-reviewed literature is available regarding the basis for its use and health benefits. We present a more thorough review of the history and impact of this immune restorative. Finally, we discuss the interaction of immunomodulators on health, metabolism, and other factors impacting the future of immune modulation in livestock.
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