Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science - Volume 46, 1996
Volume 46, 1996
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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MODELING RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS AT THE AGS1
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 31–70More Less▪ AbstractA quantitative model, based on hadronic physics and Monte Carlo cascading, is described and applied to heavy ion collisions at BNL-AGS energies (∼ 14 GeV/u). The model was found to be in excellent agreement with particle spectra where data previously existed, for Si beams, and was able to successfully predict the spectra where data were initially absent, for Au beams. For Si + Au collisions, baryon densities of three or four times the normal nuclear matter density (ρ0) are seen in the theory, whereas for Au + Au collisions, matter at densities up to 10 ρ0 is anticipated. The possibility that unusual states of matter may be created by the Au beams and potential signatures for its observation are considered.
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THE SEARCH FOR THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 71–107More Less▪ AbstractWe provide an overview of the present understanding of the transition from hadrons to a quark-gluon plasma, its signatures, and the experimental results so far. We discuss results of numerical simulations of the lattice gauge theory and critically evaluate the various observables that have been proposed as signatures of the QCD phase transition. We place the existing data from relativistic heavy-ion experiments at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) into perspective and provide an overview of the techniques and strategies that will be employed in the search for the quark-gluon plasma at heavy-ion colliders, such as the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
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PROGRESS IN ONE-LOOP QCD COMPUTATIONS
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 109–148More Less▪ AbstractWe review progress in calculating the one-loop scattering amplitudes required for next-to-leading-order corrections to QCD processes. The underlying technical developments include the spinor helicity formalism, color decompositions, supersymmetry, string theory, factorization, and unitarity. We provide explicit examples that illustrate these techniques.
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THE TOP QUARK
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 149–195More Less▪ AbstractSince the discovery of the bottom quark in 1977, physicists have searched for the top quark, the weak isospin partner of the bottom quark. Indirect evidence and estimates of its mass have been made; however, direct observation eluded scientists until recently. In the spring of 1995, two experiments, CDF and DØ, at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory showed top-antitop quark pairs created from proton-antiproton collisions. In this report, we summarize the experimental status prior to 1995 and discuss the experiments and techniques that in March of 1995 resulted in discovery of the top quark. Studies of the top quark's properties, such as its mass and production cross section, are just beginning. We present an overview of the current status of these measurements and a perspective on the prospects for the future.
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PRODUCTION OF HEAVY QUARKONIUM IN HIGH-ENERGY COLLIDERS
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 197–235More Less▪ AbstractRecent data from the Tevatron collider have revealed that the production rate of prompt charmonium at large transverse momentum is orders of magnitude larger than the best theories of a few years ago had predicted. These surprising results can be understood by taking into account two recent developments that have dramatically revised the theoretical description of heavy-quarkonium production. The first is the realization that fragmentation must dominate at large transverse momentum, which implies that most charmonium in this kinematic region is produced by the hadronization of individual high-pT partons. The second is the development of a factorization formalism for quarkonium production based on nonrelativistic QCD that allows the formation of charmonium from color-octet
pairs to be treated systematically. This review summarizes these theoretical developments and their implications for quarkonium production in high-energy colliders.
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QUANTUM CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY IN NUCLEI
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 237–279More Less▪ AbstractA mesoscopic system with strong interaction between constituents, the atomic nucleus is a good candidate for studying the manifestations of quantum chaos. Recent experimental and theoretical developments give clear evidence of the dominant role chaotic dynamics plays not only in local level statistics, but also in the damping of collective motion, isospin and parity nonconservation, thermalization, and decay into continuum. In this review, those and other phenomena are discussed from the general viewpoint of quantum chaos and complexity. The complexity of eigenstates measured by information entropy in the mean-field basis is more informative than the standard signatures of chaos in the level statistics. It evolves regularly as a function of excitation energy and provides an alternative temperature scale. This sheds new light on the problems of foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum decoherence.
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THE USE OF SCINTILLATING FIBERS FOR CHARGED-PARTICLE TRACKING
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 281–319More Less▪ AbstractThe demand for instrumentation capable of detecting and triggering on ionizing radiation in high-rate particle physics experiments at colliding-beam and fixed-target accelerator facilities and for spacecraft-borne instrumentation in astrophysics has led to the development of new tracking technologies. One of these, scintillating fiber tracking, combines the speed and efficiency of a scintillation detector with the flexibility and hermeticity afforded by fiber technology. A paradigm for a fiber-tracking detector that utilizes organic plastic fibers read out with visible-light photon counters is presented and critiqued. Alternate strategies are considered, and an overview of recent experimental applications is provided.
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COULOMB BREAKUP OF NUCLEI—APPLICATIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 321–350More Less▪ AbstractThe Coulomb dissociation process, induced by the intense source of quasi-real photons acting as nuclear particles pass through the field of a heavy nucleus, has attracted a great deal of attention. As a specific application, and as a means of access to the time-reversed radiative-capture reactions, which are of astrophysical interest at stellar energies, this process provides several advantages, based on larger cross sections and on the flexibilities of the breakup kinematics. Difficulties in the analysis arise from possible interference by nuclear interactions and final-state effects through multiphoton exchange (postacceleration), which need careful consideration. A number of theoretical and experimental investigations that have been performed, since the introduction of this novel approach have provided interesting new information, resulting in an improved and detailed understanding of the experimental conditions, and of the theoretical basis of the method. The progress in experiment and theory is reviewed, and various cases of actual interest and current applications are discussed.
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MESON SPECTROSCOPY AT LEAR
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 351–393More Less▪ AbstractNew results from LEAR experiments on the search for glueballs and other non-
states have attracted considerable attention, particularly the discovery of the f0(1500), which is an excellent candidate for the scalar glueball. This article gives an overview about the special features of
annihilation for meson spectroscopy, and about the use of initial and final-state selection for quantum-number filtering. The general model underlying the partial-wave analysis is discussed. An overview about the Crystal Barrel, OBELIX, and Jetset experiments and their results is followed by a comparison of results from other production mechanisms. Finally, an interpretation of the new results is given.
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NONLEPTONIC DECAYS AND LIFETIMES OF CHARM AND BEAUTY PARTICLES
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 395–469More Less▪ AbstractWe review recent experimental results on lifetimes and on hadronic decays of hadrons that contain c and b quarks. The theoretical implications of these results are also considered. An understanding of hadronic decays of heavy quarks is required to interpret the charge-parity–violating asymmetries in B decays that will be observed in experiments planned for the near future.
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LOW-TEMPERATURE PARTICLE DETECTORS
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 471–532More Less▪ AbstractThe need for very good energy resolution in experiments in particle and astroparticle physics and the need to detect very small energy depositions are the major motivations for the development of low-temperature particle detectors. Because the energy quanta associated with superconductors and lattice vibrations (phonons) are more than one hundred times smaller, substantial improvements have been obtained in energy resolution and in sensitivity over conventional detectors. Furthermore, these detection schemes permit tailoring of target or absorber materials to match the physics requirements. In this article, the basic physics principles behind various methods of detecting excitations induced by particle interactions in bulk single-crystal materials at low temperatures are reviewed. We also present an overview of progress toward implementation of particle physics experiments, such as detection of low-energy neutrinos, search for dark-matter particles, search for neutrino-less double β decay, and β- and γ-ray spectroscopy and X-ray astronomy using low-temperature detectors.
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PHYSICS OPPORTUNITIES OF e+e− LINEAR COLLIDERS
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 533–608More Less▪ AbstractWe describe the anticipated experimental program of an e+e− linear collider in the energy region 500 GeV—1.5 TeV, emphasizing topics relevant to the mystery of electroweak symmetry breaking.
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PARTON-MODEL SUM RULES1
Vol. 46 (1996), pp. 609–645More Less▪ AbstractThis review discusses the experimental and theoretical status of various parton-model sum rules. The basis of the sum rules in perturbative quantum chromodynamics is discussed. Their use in extracting the value of the strong coupling constant is evaluated, and the failure of the naive version of some of these sum rules is assessed.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 74 (2024)
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Volume 73 (2023)
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Volume 72 (2022)
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Volume 71 (2021)
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Volume 70 (2020)
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Volume 69 (2019)
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Volume 68 (2018)
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Volume 67 (2017)
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Volume 66 (2016)
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Volume 65 (2015)
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Volume 64 (2014)
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Volume 63 (2013)
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Volume 62 (2012)
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Volume 61 (2011)
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Volume 60 (2010)
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Volume 59 (2009)
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Volume 58 (2008)
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Volume 57 (2007)
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Volume 56 (2006)
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Volume 55 (2005)
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Volume 54 (2004)
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Volume 53 (2003)
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Volume 52 (2002)
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Volume 51 (2001)
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Volume 50 (2000)
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Volume 49 (1999)
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Volume 48 (1998)
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Volume 47 (1997)
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Volume 46 (1996)
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Volume 45 (1995)
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Volume 44 (1994)
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Volume 43 (1993)
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Volume 42 (1992)
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Volume 41 (1991)
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Volume 40 (1990)
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Volume 39 (1989)
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Volume 38 (1988)
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Volume 37 (1987)
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Volume 36 (1986)
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Volume 35 (1985)
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Volume 34 (1984)
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Volume 33 (1983)
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Volume 32 (1982)
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Volume 31 (1981)
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Volume 30 (1980)
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Volume 29 (1979)
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Volume 28 (1978)
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Volume 27 (1977)
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Volume 26 (1976)
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Volume 25 (1975)
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Volume 24 (1974)
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Volume 23 (1973)
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Volume 22 (1972)
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Volume 21 (1971)
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Volume 20 (1970)
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Volume 19 (1969)
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Volume 18 (1968)
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Volume 17 (1967)
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Volume 16 (1966)
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Volume 15 (1965)
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Volume 14 (1964)
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Volume 13 (1963)
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Volume 12 (1962)
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Volume 11 (1961)
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Volume 10 (1960)
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Volume 9 (1959)
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Volume 8 (1958)
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Volume 7 (1957)
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Volume 6 (1956)
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Volume 5 (1955)
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Volume 4 (1954)
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Volume 3 (1953)
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Volume 2 (1953)
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Volume 1 (1952)
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Volume 0 (1932)