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Annual Review of Physiology

Volume 82, 2020

and Kidney Disease: From Genetics to Biology

Abstract

Genetic variants in the gene, found only in individuals of recent African ancestry, greatly increase risk of multiple types of kidney disease. These kidney risk alleles are a rare example of genetic variants that are common but also have a powerful effect on disease susceptibility. These alleles rose to high frequency in sub-Saharan Africa because they conferred protection against pathogenic trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness. We consider the genetic evidence supporting the association between and kidney disease across the range of clinical phenotypes in the nephropathy spectrum. We then explore the origins of the risk variants and evolutionary struggle between humans and trypanosomes at both the molecular and population genetic level. Finally, we survey the rapidly growing literature investigating APOL1 biology as elucidated from experiments in cell-based systems, cell-free systems, mouse and lower organism models of disease, and through illuminating natural experiments in humans.

Keyword(s): APOL1, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS, genetic variant, HIV-associated nephropathy, HIVAN, hypertensive kidney disease, Trypanosoma
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2020-02-10
2024-04-26
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034345
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APOL1 and Kidney Disease: From Genetics to Biology
Annual Review of Physiology 82, 323 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034345
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034345
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034345
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