1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Environment and Resources
  4. Volume 40, 2015
  5. Article

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volume 40, 2015

Environmental Movements in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Heterogeneity, Transformation, and Institutionalization

Abstract

Environmental movements are networks of informal interactions that may include individuals, groups, and organizations engaged in collective action motivated by shared identity or concern about environmental issues. This article reviews literature on environmental movements (including antinuclear energy movements) according to four main aspects: the social bases and values underlying the movements' mobilization, the resources supporting their mobilization, the political opportunities channeling their mobilization, and the cultural framing processes through which environmental issues are defined as social and political problems to be addressed through mobilization. In addition, we consider the historical antecedents and roots of environmental movements. Finally, we discuss the interplay between the local and the global levels and the movements' impacts, a long neglected issue in the social movement literature. Our review highlights three main features of environmental movements: they are heterogeneous; they have profoundly transformed themselves; and they have generally become more institutionalized.

Keyword(s): antinuclear energy movements, climate change, conservation, ecology, environment, nuclear energy
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021327
2015-11-04
2024-06-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/40/1/annurev-environ-102014-021327.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021327&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Meyer D, Tarrow S. 1.  1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publ. [Google Scholar]
  2. Tilly C. 2.  1999. From interactions to outcomes in social movements. See Ref. 174 253–70
  3. McAdam D, Tarrow S, Tilly C. 3.  2001. Dynamics of Contention Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  4. Della Porta D, Diani M. 4.  2006. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  5. Rootes C. 5.  2004. Environmental movements. See Ref. 175 600–40
  6. Diani M. 6.  1995. Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  7. Kriesi H, Giugni M. 7.  1996. Ökologische Bewegungen im internationalen Vergleich: Zwischen Konflikt und Kooperation. Umweltsoziologie A Diekmann, CC Jäger 324–49 Opladen, Ger: Westdeutscher Verlag [Google Scholar]
  8. Tilly C. 8.  1978. From Mobilization to Revolution Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley [Google Scholar]
  9. Oberschall A. 9.  1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall [Google Scholar]
  10. Melucci A. 10.  1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  11. Castells M. 11.  1997. The Power of Identity Oxford: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  12. Nisbet RN. 12.  1982. Prejudices: A Philosophical Dictionary Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  13. Touraine A. 13.  1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  14. Buechler SM. 14.  1995. New social movement theories. Sociol. Q. 36:441–64 [Google Scholar]
  15. Pichardo NA. 15.  1997. New social movements: a critical review. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 23:411–30 [Google Scholar]
  16. Diani M, Lodi G. 16.  1988. Three in one: currents in the Milan ecology movement. From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Participation Across Cultures B Klandermans, H Kriesi, S Tarrow 103–24 Greenwich, CT: JAI Press [Google Scholar]
  17. Diani M. 17.  1988. Isole nell'arcipelago: Il movimento ecologista in Italia Bologna, Ital: Il Mulino [Google Scholar]
  18. Lowe PD, Goyder JM. 18.  1983. Environmental Groups in Politics London: Allen & Unwin [Google Scholar]
  19. Rucht D. 19.  1989. Environmental movement organizations in West Germany and France: structure and interorganizational relations. Organizing for Change: Social Movement Organizations in Europe and the United States B Klandermans 61–94 Greenwich, CT: JAI Press [Google Scholar]
  20. Rüdig W. 20.  1988. Peace and ecology movements in Western Europe. West Eur. Polit. 11:26–39 [Google Scholar]
  21. Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III. 21.  1972. The Limits to Growth New York: Universe Books [Google Scholar]
  22. Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III. 22.  1992. Beyond the Limits Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green [Google Scholar]
  23. Carson R. 23.  1962. Silent Spring Boston: Houghton Mifflin [Google Scholar]
  24. Commoner B. 24.  1972. The Closing Circle: Man, Nature, and Technology New York: Alfred A. Knopf [Google Scholar]
  25. Commoner B. 25.  1976. The Poverty of Power New York: Bantam Books [Google Scholar]
  26. Ehrlich P. 26.  1968. The Population Bomb New York: Sierra Club/Ballantine [Google Scholar]
  27. Mishan EJ. 27.  1967. The Costs of Economic Growth London: Staples Press [Google Scholar]
  28. Schumacher EF. 28.  1973. Small is Beautiful. London: Blond & Briggs [Google Scholar]
  29. Gorz A. 29.  1977. Ecologie et liberté Paris: Editions Galilé [Google Scholar]
  30. Jänicke M. 30.  1978. Umweltpolitik: Beitrage zur Politologie des Umweltschutzes Opladen, Ger: Leske + Budrich Verlag [Google Scholar]
  31. Naess A. 31.  1973. The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement. Inquiry 16:95–100 [Google Scholar]
  32. Finger M. 32.  1992. The Green Movement Worldwide Greenwich, CT: JAI Press [Google Scholar]
  33. Lipschutz RD, Conca K. 33.  1993. The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics. New York: Columbia University Press [Google Scholar]
  34. McCormick J. 34.  1989. Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  35. Kriesi H, Koopmans R, Duyvendak JW, Giugni M. 35.  1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  36. Klandermans B. 36.  2004. The demand and supply of political participation: the social psychological correlates of participation. See Ref. 175 360–76
  37. Klandermans B. 37.  1984. Mobilization and participation: social-psychological expansions of resource mobilization theory. Am. Sociol. Rev. 49:583–600 [Google Scholar]
  38. Sturmer S, Simon S. 38.  2004. Collective action: towards a dual-pathway model. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 15:59–99 [Google Scholar]
  39. Lubell M. 39.  2002. Environmental activism as collective action. Environ. Behav. 34:431–54 [Google Scholar]
  40. Lubell M, Vedlitz A, Zahran S, Alston LT. 40.  2006. Collective action, environmental activism, and air quality policy. Pol. Res. Q. 59:149–60 [Google Scholar]
  41. Jordan G, Maloney W. 41.  1997. The Protest Business? Mobilising Campaign Groups Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  42. Mitchell R, Dunlap R, Mertig A. 42.  1992. Twenty years of environmental mobilization: trends among national environmental organizations. See Ref. 66 11–26
  43. Cotgrove S. 43.  1982. Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment, Politics, and the Future Chichester, UK: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  44. Cotgrove S, Duff A. 44.  1980. Environmentalism, middle-class activism and politics. Sociol. Rev. 28:333–51 [Google Scholar]
  45. Cotgrove S, Duff A. 45.  1981. Environmentalism, values, and social change. Br. J. Sociol. 32:92–110 [Google Scholar]
  46. Kriesi H. 46.  1989. New social movements and the new class in the Netherlands. Am. J. Sociol. 94:1078–116 [Google Scholar]
  47. Melucci A. 47.  1989. The Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society London: Hutchinson Radius [Google Scholar]
  48. Offe C. 48.  1987. Challenging the boundaries of institutional politics: social movements since the 1960s. Changing Boundaries of the Political: Essays on the Evolving Balance between the State and Society, Public and Private in Europe CS Maier 63–104 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  49. Chandler WM, Siaroff A. 49.  1986. Postindustrial politics in Germany and the origins of the Greens. Comp. Polit. 18:303–25 [Google Scholar]
  50. Franklin MN, Rüdig W. 50.  1992. The green voter in the 1989 European elections. Environ. Polit. 1:129–59 [Google Scholar]
  51. Mertig AG, Dunlap RE. 51.  2001. Environmentalism, new social movements, and the new class: a cross-national investigation. Rural Sociol. 66:113–36 [Google Scholar]
  52. Norton P. 52.  2003. A critique of generative class theories of environmentalism and of the labour-environmentalist relationship. Environ. Polit. 12:96–119 [Google Scholar]
  53. Botetzagias I, van Schuur W. 53.  2012. Active greens: an analysis of the determinants of green party members' activism in environmental movements. Environ. Behav. 44:509–44 [Google Scholar]
  54. Barkan SE. 54.  2004. Explaining public support for the environmental movement: a civic voluntarism model. Soc. Sci. Q. 85:913–37 [Google Scholar]
  55. Burns N, Schlozman KL, Verba S. 55.  2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  56. Bord RJ, O'Connor RE. 56.  1997. The gender gap in environmental attitudes: the case of perceived vulnerability to risk. Soc. Sci. Q. 78:830–40 [Google Scholar]
  57. McFarlane B, Hunt LM. 57.  2006. Environmental activism in the forest sector: social psychological, social-cultural, and contextual effects. Environ. Behav. 38:266–85 [Google Scholar]
  58. Tindall DB, Davies S, Mauboules C. 58.  2003. Activism and conservation behavior in an environmental movement: the contradictory effects of gender. Soc. Nat. Resour. 16:909–32 [Google Scholar]
  59. Wakefield SEL, Elliott SJ, Eyles JD, Cole DC. 59.  2006. Taking environmental action: the role of local composition, context, and collective. Environ. Manag. 37:40–53 [Google Scholar]
  60. Tindall DB. 60.  2002. Social networks, identification and participation in an environmental movement: low-medium cost activism within the British Columbia wilderness preservation movement. Can. Rev. Sociol./Rev. Can. Sociol. 39:413–52 [Google Scholar]
  61. Grasso MT. 61.  2014. Age-period-cohort analysis in a comparative context: political generations and political participation repertoires. Electoral Stud. 33:63–76 [Google Scholar]
  62. Van Liere KD, Dunlap RE. 62.  1980. The social bases of environmental concern: a review of hypotheses. Explanations and empirical evidence. Public Opin. Q. 44:181–97 [Google Scholar]
  63. Gillham PF. 63.  2008. Participation in the environmental movement: analysis of the European Union. Int. Sociol. 23:67–93 [Google Scholar]
  64. Dalton RJ. 64.  2005. The greening of the globe? Cross-national levels of environmental group membership. Environ. Polit. 14:441–59 [Google Scholar]
  65. Sonderskov KM. 65.  2008. Environmental group membership, collective action and generalised trust. Environ. Polit. 17:78–94 [Google Scholar]
  66. Dunlap RE, Mertig AG. 66.  1992. American Environmentalism: The US Environmental Movement, 1970–1990. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis [Google Scholar]
  67. Inglehart R. 67.  1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  68. Inglehart R. 68.  1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  69. Milbrath L. 69.  1984. Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society Albany, NY: SUNY Press [Google Scholar]
  70. Dalton RJ. 70.  1994. The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  71. Rohrschneider R. 71.  1990. The roots of public opinion toward new social movements: an empirical test of competing explanations. Am. J. Pol. Sci. 34:1–30 [Google Scholar]
  72. Todosijevic B, Enyedi Z. 72.  2003. Structure versus culture again: corporatism and the “new politics” in 16 Western European countries. Eur. J. Pol. Res. 42:629–42 [Google Scholar]
  73. Carter N. 73.  2001. The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  74. Stern PC, Dietz T, Abel T, Guagnano GA, Kalof L. 74.  1999. A value-belief norm theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism. Hum. Ecol. Rev. 6:81–97 [Google Scholar]
  75. Brooks C, Manza J. 75.  1994. Do changing values explain the new politics? A critical assessment of the postmaterialist thesis. Sociol. Q. 35541–70 [Google Scholar]
  76. Lafferty W, Knutsen O. 76.  1985. Postmaterialism in a social democratic state: an analysis of the distinctness and congruity of the Inglehart value syndrome in Norway. Comp. Pol. Stud. 17:411–30 [Google Scholar]
  77. Pakulski J, Crook S. 77.  1998. The end of the green cultural revolution?. Ebbing of the Green Tide? Environmentalism, Public Opinion and the Media in Australia J Pakulski, S Crook Hobart: Univ. Tasman. Press [Google Scholar]
  78. Hofrichter J, Karlheinz R. 78.  1990. Evolution of environmental attitudes in the European Community. Scand. Pol. Stud. 13:119–46 [Google Scholar]
  79. Dunlap RE. 79.  1975. The impact of political orientation on environmental attitudes and actions. Environ. Behav. 7:428–54 [Google Scholar]
  80. Dunlap RE, Xiao C, McCright AM. 80.  2001. Politics and environment in America: partisan and ideological cleavages in public support for environmentalism. Environ. Polit. 10:23–48 [Google Scholar]
  81. Catton WR, Dunlap RE. 81.  1978. Environmental sociology: a new paradigm. Am. Sociol. 13:41–49 [Google Scholar]
  82. Catton WR, Dunlap RE. 82.  1978. Paradigms, theories, and the primacy of the HEP-NEP distinction. Am. Sociol. 13:256–59 [Google Scholar]
  83. Dunlap RE, Van Liere KD, Mertig AG, Jones RE. 83.  2000. Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: a revised NEP scale. J. Soc. Issues 56:425–42 [Google Scholar]
  84. Jasper JM, Poulsen JD. 84.  1995. Recruiting strangers and friends: moral shocks and social networks in animal rights and anti-nuclear protests. Soc. Prob. 42:493–512 [Google Scholar]
  85. Edwards B, McCarthy JD. 85.  2004. Resources and social movement mobilization. See Ref. 175 116–52
  86. Kriesi H. 86.  1996. The organizational structure of new social movements in a political context. See Ref.176, pp 152–84 [Google Scholar]
  87. Sale K. 87.  1993. The Green Revolution: The Environmental Movement 1962–1992 London: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  88. McCarthy JD, Britt DW, Wolfson M. 88.  1991. The institutional channeling of social movements by the state in the United States. Res. Soc. Mov. Confl. Change 14:45–76 [Google Scholar]
  89. Nelkin D, Pollak M. 89.  1981. The Atom Besieged Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  90. Edwards B. 90.  1995. With liberty and environmental justice for all: the emergence and the challenge of grassroots environmentalism in the USA. Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and Popular Environmentalism B Taylor 35–55 Albany, NY: SUNY Press [Google Scholar]
  91. Peterson T. 91.  2002. Linked Arms: A Rural Community Resists Nuclear Waste Albany, NY: SUNY Press [Google Scholar]
  92. Blühdorn I. 92.  2011. The politics of unsustainability: COP15, post-ecologism, and the ecological paradox. Organ. Environ. 24:34–53 [Google Scholar]
  93. Eder K. 93.  1996. The institutionalisation of environmentalism: ecological discourse and the second transformation of the public sphere. Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards A New Ecology S Lash, B Szerszynski, B Wynne 203–23 London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  94. Rucht D, Roose J. 94.  2001. Neither decline nor sclerosis: the organizational structure of the German environmental movement. West Eur. Polit. 24:55–81 [Google Scholar]
  95. Giugni M, Passy F. 95.  1998. Contentious politics in complex societies: new social movements between conflict and cooperation. From Contention to Democracy M Giugni, D McAdam, C Tilly 81–107 Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield [Google Scholar]
  96. Diani M. 96.  2004. Networks and participation. See Ref. 175 339–59
  97. Broadbent J. 97.  1999. Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  98. Brulle R. 98.  1996. Environmental discourse and social movement organizations: a historical and rhetorical perspective on the development of US environmental organizations. Sociol. Inq. 66:58–83 [Google Scholar]
  99. Brulle R. 99.  2000. Agency, Democracy and Nature: The US Environmental Movement from a Critical Theory Perspective Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  100. Rao H. 100.  1998. Caveat emptor: the construction of nonprofit consumer watchdog organizations. Am. J. Sociol. 103:912–61 [Google Scholar]
  101. Gregorio M. 101.  Di 2012. Networking in environmental movement organisation coalitions: interest, values or discourse?. Environ. Polit. 21:1–25 [Google Scholar]
  102. Pellow DN. 102.  2007. Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  103. Olli E, Grendstad G, Wollebaek D. 103.  2001. Correlates of environmental behaviors: bringing back social context. Environ. Behav. 33:181–208 [Google Scholar]
  104. Klandermans B, Oegema D. 104.  1987. Potentials, networks, motivations, and barriers: steps toward participation in social movements. Am. Sociol. Rev. 52:519–31 [Google Scholar]
  105. Klandermans B. 105.  1997. The Social Psychology of Protest Oxford: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  106. Kriesi H. 106.  2004. Political context and opportunity. See Ref. 175
  107. Tarrow S. 107.  1996. States and opportunities: the political structuring of social movements. See Ref. 176 41–61
  108. McAdam D. 108.  1996. Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions. See Ref. 176 23–40
  109. Duyvendak JW, Koopmans R. 109.  1995. The political construction of the nuclear energy issue and its impact on the mobilization of the anti-nuclear movements in Western Europe. Soc. Prob. 42:201–18 [Google Scholar]
  110. Flam H. 110.  1994. States and Anti-Nuclear Movements Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  111. Joppke C. 111.  1993. Mobilizing Against Nuclear Energy Berkeley, CA: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  112. Kitschelt H. 112.  1986. Political opportunity structures and political protest: anti-nuclear movements in four democracies. Br. J. Pol. Sci. 16:57–85 [Google Scholar]
  113. Rootes C. 113.  2003. Environmental Protest in Western Europe Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  114. Rucht D. 114.  1990. Campaigns, skirmishes, and battles: anti-nuclear movements in the USA, France and West Germany. Ind. Crisis Q. 4:193–222 [Google Scholar]
  115. Rüdig W. 115.  1990. Anti-Nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy Harlow, UK: Longman [Google Scholar]
  116. van der Heijden H-A, Koopmans R, Giugni M. 116.  1992. The West European environmental movement. Res. Soc. Mov. Confl. Change 2:1–40 [Google Scholar]
  117. Diani M, van der Heijden H-A. 117.  1994. Antinuclear movements across states: explaining patterns of development. See Ref. 110 355–82
  118. Diani M, Donati P. 118.  1999. Organisational change in Western European environmental groups. See Ref. 177 13–34
  119. Rootes C. 119.  1999. The transformation of environmental activism: activists, organisations and policy-making. Innov. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. 12:155–73 [Google Scholar]
  120. van der Heijden H-A. 120.  1997. Political opportunity structure and the institutionalisation of the environmental movement. Environ. Polit. 6:25–50 [Google Scholar]
  121. Bosso C. 121.  2000. Environmental groups and the new political landscape. Environmental Policy NJ Vig, ME Kraft 55–76 Washington, DC: CQ [Google Scholar]
  122. Kousis M. 122.  1999. Sustaining local environmental mobilisations: groups, actions and claims in Southern Europe. See Ref. 177 172–98
  123. Kousis M, Tilly C. 123.  2005. Economic and Political Contention in Comparative Perspective Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publ. [Google Scholar]
  124. Jamison A, Eyerman R, Cramer J, Læssøe J. 124.  1990. The Making of the New Environmental Consciousness Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  125. Rootes C. 125.  2002. The Europeanization of environmentalism.. L'action collective en Europe/Collective Action in Europe R Balme, D Chabanet, V Wright Paris, Fr: Presses de Sciences Po. [Google Scholar]
  126. Hicks B. 126.  2004. Setting agendas and shaping activism: EU influence on Central and Eastern European environmental movements. Environ. Polit. 13:216–33 [Google Scholar]
  127. Kousis M. 127.  2004. Economic opportunities and threats in contentious environmental politics: a view from the European South. Theory Soc. 33:393–415 [Google Scholar]
  128. Rucht D. 128.  2001. Lobbying or protest? Strategies to influence EU environmental policies. Contentious Europeans: Protest and Politics in an Emerging Polity D Imig, S Tarrow Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield [Google Scholar]
  129. Snow D. 129.  2004. Framing processes, ideology and discursive fields. See Ref. 175 380–412
  130. Benford RD, Snow DA. 130.  2000. Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26:611–39 [Google Scholar]
  131. Gamson WA. 131.  1992. Talking Politics New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  132. Downs A. 132.  1972. Up and down with ecology—the issue-attention cycle. Public Interest 28:38–50 [Google Scholar]
  133. Joppke C. 133.  1991. Social movements during cycles of issue attention: the decline of the anti-nuclear energy movements in West Germany and the USA. Br. J. Sociol. 42:43–60 [Google Scholar]
  134. Jamison A. 134.  2001. The Making of Green Knowledge. Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  135. Jamison A. 135.  2010. Climate change knowledge and social movement theory. Climate Change 4:811–23 [Google Scholar]
  136. Čapek SM. 136.  1993. The “environmental justice” frame: a conceptual discussion and an application. Soc. Prob. 40:5–24 [Google Scholar]
  137. Taylor DE. 137.  2000. The rise of the environmental justice paradigm. Injustice framing and the social construction of environmental discourses. Am. Behav. Sci. 43:508–80 [Google Scholar]
  138. Agyeman J, Bullard RD, Evans B. 138.  2003. Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  139. Bullard RD. 139.  1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality Boulder, CO: Westview Press [Google Scholar]
  140. Pellow DN. 140.  2000. Environmental inequality formation: toward a theory of environmental justice. Am. Behav. Sci. 43:581–601 [Google Scholar]
  141. Szasz A. 141.  1994. Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement of Environmental Justice Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  142. Sze J, London JK. 142.  2008. Environmental justice at the crossroads. Sociol. Compass 2:1331–54 [Google Scholar]
  143. Gamson WA, Modigliani A. 143.  1989. Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: a constructionist approach. Am. J. Sociol. 95:1–37 [Google Scholar]
  144. Welsh I. 144.  1993. The NIMBY syndrome: its significance in the history of the nuclear debate. Br. J. Hist. Sci. 26:15–32 [Google Scholar]
  145. Polletta F, Jasper JM. 145.  2001. Collective identity and social movements. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:283–305 [Google Scholar]
  146. Ruiz-Junco N. 146.  2011. “Losing neutrality in your everyday life”: framing experience and activist identity construction in the Spanish environmental movement. J. Contemp. Ethnogr. 40:713–33 [Google Scholar]
  147. Lechner F, Boli J. 147.  2015. The Globalization Reader Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  148. Kousis M. 148. 2016 Theoretical perspectives on European environmental movements: transnational and technological challenges. Social Movement Studies in Europe: The State of the Art G Accornero, O Fillieule New York: Berghahn Books. Forthcoming [Google Scholar]
  149. Rucht D. 149.  1993. “Think globally, act locally”? Needs, forms and problems of environmental groups' internationalization. European Integration and Environmental Policy D Liefferink, P Lowe, APJ Mol 75–95 London: Belhaven [Google Scholar]
  150. Rootes C. 150.  2008. Acting Locally: Local Environmental Organizations and Campaigns London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  151. Rootes C. 151.  1999. Acting globally, thinking locally? Prospects for a global environmental movement. See Ref. 177 290–310
  152. Freudenberg N, Steinsapir C. 152.  1992. Not in our backyards: the grassroots environmental movement. See Ref. 66 27–37
  153. Giugni M, Bosi L, Uba K. 153.  2013. Outcomes of social movements and protest activities. Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science R Valley New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  154. Giugni M. 154.  2008. Political, biographical, and cultural consequences of social movements. Sociol. Compass 2:1582–600 [Google Scholar]
  155. Caldwell LK, Hayes LR, MacWhirter IM. 155.  1976. Citizens and the Environment: Case Studies in Popular Action Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  156. Jänicke M, Weidner H. 156.  1995. Successful Environmental Policy Berlin, Ger: Sigma [Google Scholar]
  157. Rucht D. 157.  1999. The impact of environmental movements in Western societies. See Ref. 174 204–24
  158. Giugni M. 158.  2004. Social Protest and Policy Change Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield [Google Scholar]
  159. Kolb F. 159.  2007. Protest and Opportunities: The Political Outcomes of Social Movements Frankfurt, Ger: Campus Verlag [Google Scholar]
  160. Campbell JL. 160.  1988. Collapse of an Industry Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  161. Giugni M. 161.  2007. Useless protest? A time-series analysis of the policy outcomes of ecology, antinuclear, and peace movements in the United States, 1975–1995. Mobilization 12:101–16 [Google Scholar]
  162. Jasper JM. 162.  1990. Nuclear Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  163. Nichols E. 163.  1987. U.S. nuclear power and the success of the American anti-nuclear movement. Berkeley J. Sociol. 32:167–92 [Google Scholar]
  164. Midttun A, Rucht D. 164.  1994. Comparing policy outcomes of conflicts over nuclear power: description and explanation. See Ref. 110 383–415
  165. Flam H. 165.  1994. Political responses to the anti-nuclear challenge: standard deliberative and decision-making settings. See Ref. 110 299–328
  166. Flam H. 166.  1994. Political responses to the anti-nuclear challenge: democratic experiments and the use of force. See Ref. 110 329–54
  167. Burstein P. 167.  1998. Bringing the public back in: Should sociologists consider the impact of public opinion on public policy?. Soc. Forces 77:27–62 [Google Scholar]
  168. Kitschelt H. 168.  1989. The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  169. Müller-Rommel F. 169.  1989. New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists Boulder, CO: Westview Press [Google Scholar]
  170. Müller-Rommel F. 170.  1982. Ecology parties in Western Europe. West Eur. Polit. 5:68–74 [Google Scholar]
  171. Müller-Rommel F, Poguntke T. 171.  2002. Green Parties in National Governments. London: Frank Cass [Google Scholar]
  172. Richardson D, Rootes C. 172.  1995. The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  173. Rüdig W, Lowe PD. 173.  1991. The Green Wave: A Comparative Analysis of Ecology Parties Cambridge, UK: Polity Press [Google Scholar]
  174. Giugni M, McAdam D, Tilly C. 174.  1999. How Social Movements Matter. Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press [Google Scholar]
  175. Snow DA, Soule S, Kriesi H. 175.  2004. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements Oxford: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  176. McAdam D, McCarthy J, Zald MN. 176.  1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  177. Rootes C. 177.  1999. Environmental Movements: Local, National and Global. London, Frank Cass [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021327
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error