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Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volume 66, 2015

Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing Environment: A Dominant Role for Water

Abstract

Transpiration—the movement of water from the soil, through plants, and into the atmosphere—is the dominant water flux from the earth's terrestrial surface. The evolution of vascular plants, while increasing terrestrial primary productivity, led to higher transpiration rates and widespread alterations in the global climate system. Similarly, anthropogenic influences on transpiration rates are already influencing terrestrial hydrologic cycles, with an even greater potential for changes lying ahead. Intricate linkages among anthropogenic activities, terrestrial productivity, the hydrologic cycle, and global demand for ecosystem services will lead to increased pressures on ecosystem water demands. Here, we focus on identifying the key drivers of ecosystem water use as they relate to plant physiological function, the role of predicted global changes in ecosystem water uses, trade-offs between ecosystem water use and carbon uptake, and knowledge gaps.

Keyword(s): global change, terrestrial vegetation, water use, water use efficiency
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2015-04-29
2025-04-22
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Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing Environment: A Dominant Role for Water
Annual Review of Plant Biology 66, 599 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114834
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114834
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114834
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Supplementary Data

  • DOWNLOAD: ModelingTranspirationOfLeaves.cdf.

    This downloadable Mathematica file will run on any computer with Wolfram’s free CDF Player plug-in (http://www.wolfram.com/cdf-player). An interactive webpage version is also available at http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ModelingTranspirationOfLeaves.

    DESCRIPTION

    Transpiration is the transport of water vapor through plant stomatal apertures. This water loss is a necessary requirement for vascular plants as they take up carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The two main factors that determine transpiration are the conductance of water vapor from inside the leaf to the atmosphere and the gradient of water vapor from inside to outside the leaf. It is generally assumed that the water vapor in the leaf is saturating, and thus the gradient is determined by the leaf temperature and water vapor concentration in air. Here, relative humidity is used to determine the atmospheric water vapor (y axis), and leaf conductance to water vapor (x axis) represents all diffusive conductances associated with the leaf. Transpiration is modeled based on leaf energy budget and a Fick’s law analogy.

    DETAILS

    This demonstration uses a leaf energy balance equation (1):

    where TL is the leaf temperature (°C), Ta is air temperature (°C), γ* is the apparent psychrometer constant (°C−1), s is the slope of the saturation mole fraction function [Δ/pa, with Δ(kPa/c) being the slope of the saturation vapor pressure function and pa (kPa) being air pressure], Rabs is absorbed total radiation (W m-2), εg is the emissivity of the surface (leaf), σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4), is convective-radiative conductance (mol m-2 s-1), cp is specific heat of air (J mol-1 °C-1), and D is vapor pressure deficit (kPa). Transpiration E (mol m-2 s-1) is calculated using an analogy to Fick’s law:



    where gv, on the x axis, is leaf conductance to water vapor (mol m-2 s-1), es(leaf) is saturated vapor partial pressure in the leaf based on TL, and ea(leaf) is the actual partial pressure of water vapor in air based on relative humidity, on the y axis.

    LITERATURE CITED

    1. Campbell GS, Norman JM. 1988. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. New York: Springer. 2nd ed.

  • Article Type: Review Article

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