Dietary and Therapeutic Benefits of Edible Insects: A Global Perspective

Literature Cited

1. 1.

   Al-Saggaf MS. 2021. Formulation of insect chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles with propolis extract as potent antimicrobial and wound healing composites. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2021:5578032
   [Google Scholar]
2. 2.

   Altmann BA, Neumann C, Rothstein S, Liebert F, Mörlein D. 2019. Do dietary soy alternatives lead to pork quality improvements or drawbacks? A look into microalga and insect protein in swine diets. Meat Sci. 153:26–34
   [Google Scholar]
3. 3.

   Ao X, Kim IH. 2019. Effects of dietary dried mealworm (Ptecticus tenebrifer) larvae on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Livest. Sci. 230:103815
   [Google Scholar]
4. 4.

   Azmir J, Zaidul ISM, Rahman MM, Sharif KM, Mohamed A et al. 2013. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: a review. J. Food Eng. 117:426–36
   [Google Scholar]
5. 5.

   Barennes H, Phimmasane M, Rajaonarivo C. 2015. Insect consumption to address undernutrition, a national survey on the prevalence of insect consumption among adults and vendors in Laos. PLOS ONE 10:e0136458
   [Google Scholar]
6. 6.

   Benzertiha A, Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Kołodziejski P, Bryszak M, Józefiak D. 2019. Insect oil as an alternative to palm oil and poultry fat in broiler chicken nutrition. Animals 9:116
   [Google Scholar]
7. 7.

   Benzertiha A, Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Urbański A et al. 2020. Insect fat in animal nutrition—a review. Ann. Anim. Sci. 20:41217–40
   [Google Scholar]
8. 8.

   Bertola M, Mutinelli F. 2021. A systematic review on viruses in mass-reared edible insect species. Viruses 13:2280
   [Google Scholar]
9. 9.

   Beynen AC. 2020. Hypoallergenic cat foods. Dier-en-Arts 10:255–57
   [Google Scholar]
10. 10.

    Biancarosa I, Sele V, Belghit I, Ørnsrud R, Lock EJ, Amlund H. 2019. Replacing fish meal with insect meal in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) does not impact the amount of contaminants in the feed and it lowers accumulation of arsenic in the fillet. Food Addit. Contam. A 36:81191–205
    [Google Scholar]
11. 11.

    Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Colombino E, Gai F, Schiavone A et al. 2020. Effects of dietary Hermetia illucens meal inclusion on cecal microbiota and small intestinal mucin dynamics and infiltration with immune cells of weaned piglets. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 11:64
    [Google Scholar]
12. 12.

    Biasato I, Renna M, Gai F, Dabbou S, Meneguz M et al. 2019. Partially defatted black soldier fly larva meal inclusion in piglet diets: effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gut morphology and histological features. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 10:12
    [Google Scholar]
13. 13.

    Brüll F, Mensink RP, van den Hurk K, Duijvestijn A, Plat J. 2010. TLR2 activation is essential to induce a Th1 shift in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by plant stanols and plant sterols. J. Biol. Chem. 285:2951–58
    [Google Scholar]
14. 14.

    Castro LF, Brandão VS, Bertolino LC, de Souza WF, Teixeira VG. 2018. Phosphate adsorption by montmorillonites modified with lanthanum/iron and a laboratory test using water from the Jacarepaguá lagoon (RJ, Brazil). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 30:641–57
    [Google Scholar]
15. 15.

    Chantawannakul P. 2020. From entomophagy to entomotherapy. Front. Biosci. Landmark 25:179–200
    [Google Scholar]
16. 16.

    Cheseto X, Kuate SP, Tchouassi DP, Ndung'u M, Teal PEA, Torto B. 2015. Potential of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as an unconventional source of dietary and therapeutic sterols. PLOS ONE 10:e0127171
    [Google Scholar]
17. 17.

    Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Alaru AO, Mwangi DM et al. 2019. Effect of dietary replacement of fishmeal by insect meal on growth performance, blood profiles and economics of growing pigs in Kenya. Animals 9:705
    [Google Scholar]
18. 18.

    Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Alaru AO, Mwangi DM et al. 2021. Black soldier fly larval meal in feed enhances growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality of finishing pigs. J. Insects Food Feed. 7:433–47
    [Google Scholar]
19. 19.

    Choi YH, Yoon SY, Jeon SM, Lee JY, Oh SM et al. 2019. Effects of different levels of Hermetia illucens on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. J. Korea Acad. Coop. Soc. 20:255–61
    [Google Scholar]
20. 20.

    da Silva Lucas AJ, de Oliveira LM, Da Rocha M, Prentice C 2020. Edible insects: an alternative of nutritional, functional and bioactive compounds. Food Chem. 311:126022
    [Google Scholar]
21. 21.

    D'Antonio V, Serafini M, Battista N. 2021. Dietary modulation of oxidative stress from edible insects: a mini-review. Front. Nutr. 8:642551
    [Google Scholar]
22. 22.

    de Castro RJ, Ohara A, dos Santos Aguilar JG, Domingues MA. 2018. Nutritional, functional and biological properties of insect proteins: processes for obtaining, consumption and future challenges. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 76:82–89
    [Google Scholar]
23. 23.

    de Gier S, Verhoeckx K. 2018. Insect (food) allergy and allergens. Mol. Immunol. 100:82–106
    [Google Scholar]
24. 24.

    De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. 2020. New perspectives in food allergy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21:1474
    [Google Scholar]
25. 25.

    Delicato C, Schouteten JJ, Dewettinck K, Gellynck X, Tzompa-Sosa DA. 2020. Consumers' perception of bakery products with insect fat as partial butter replacement. Food Qual. Prefer. 79:103755
    [Google Scholar]
26. 26.

    Di Mattia C, Battista N, Sacchetti G, Serafini M. 2019. Antioxidant activities in vitro of water and liposoluble extracts obtained by different species of edible insects and invertebrates. Front. Nutr. 6:106
    [Google Scholar]
27. 27.

    Durst PB, Johnson DV, Leslie RN, Shono K. 2010. Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back!! Bangkok: FAO Reg. Off. Asia Pac.
28. 28.

    FAO. 2017. The Future of Food and Agriculture—Trends and Challenges Rome: FAO
    [Google Scholar]
29. 29.

    Feng Y, Zhao M, He Z, Chen Z, Sun L. 2009. Research and utilization of medicinal insects in China. Entomol. Res. 39:313–16
    [Google Scholar]
30. 30.

    Fratini F, Cilia G, Turchi B, Felicioli A. 2016. Beeswax: a minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pac. . J. Trop. Med. 9:839–43
    [Google Scholar]
31. 31.

    Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. 2013. Melittin: a lytic peptide with anticancer properties. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 36:697–705
    [Google Scholar]
32. 32.

    Gao Y, Wang H, Qin F, Xu P, Lv X et al. 2014. Enantiomerization and enantioselective bioaccumulation of metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae. Chirality 26:88–94
    [Google Scholar]
33. 33.

    Gasco L, Dabbou S, Gai F, Brugiapaglia A, Schiavone A et al. 2019. Quality and consumer acceptance of meat from rabbits fed diets in which soybean oil is replaced with black soldier fly and yellow mealworm fats. Animals 9:629
    [Google Scholar]
34. 34.

    Gasco L, Finke M, van Huis A. 2018. Can diets containing insects promote animal health?. J. Insects Food Feed. 4:1–4
    [Google Scholar]
35. 35.

    Gasco L, Henry M, Piccolo G, Marono S, Gai F et al. 2016. Tenebrio molitor meal in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles: growth performance, whole body composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 220:34–45
    [Google Scholar]
36. 36.

    Gasco L, Józefiak A, Henry M. 2020. Beyond the protein concept: health aspects of using edible insects on animals. J. Insects Food Feed. 7:715–41
    [Google Scholar]
37. 37.

    Gerardo NM, Altincicek B, Anselme C, Atamian H, Barribeau SM et al. 2010. Immunity and other defenses in pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Genome Biol. 11:R21
    [Google Scholar]
38. 38.

    Halloran A, Vantomme P, Hanboonsong Y, Ekesi S. 2015. Regulating edible insects: the challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation, and the erosion of traditional food culture. Food Secur. 7:739–46
    [Google Scholar]
39. 39.

    He W, He K, Sun F, Mu L, Liao S et al. 2021. Effect of heat, enzymatic hydrolysis and acid-alkali treatment on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein extract. Food Chem. 343:128461
    [Google Scholar]
40. 40.

    Herrero J, García-Serrano A, Couto S, Ortuño VM, García-González R. 2006. Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa L. and crop damage in an intensive agroecosystem. Eur. J Wildl. Res. 52:245–50
    [Google Scholar]
41. 41.

    Heuel M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M et al. 2021. Black soldier fly larvae meal and fat can completely replace soybean cake and oil in diets for laying hens. Poult. Sci. 100:101034
    [Google Scholar]
42. 42.

    Houbraken M, Spranghers T, De Clercq P, Cooreman-Algoed M, Couchement T et al. 2016. Pesticide contamination of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) for human consumption. Food Chem. 201:264–69
    [Google Scholar]
43. 43.

    Iaconisi V, Secci G, Sabatino G, Piccolo G, Gasco L et al. 2019. Effect of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae meal on amino acid composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) fillets. Aquaculture 513:734403
    [Google Scholar]
44. 44.

    Ido A, Ali MF, Takahashi T, Miura C, Miura T. 2021. Growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) fed on a diet including partially or completely defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. Insects 12:722
    [Google Scholar]
45. 45.

    Imathiu S. 2020. Benefits and food safety concerns associated with consumption of edible insects. NFS J. 18:1–11
    [Google Scholar]
46. 46.

    Islam MK, Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Alim MA, Huang X et al. 2009. The Kunitz-like modulatory protein haemangin is vital for hard tick blood-feeding success. PLOS Pathog 5:e1000497
    [Google Scholar]
47. 47.

    Islam MM, Mun HS, Bostami AB, Yang CJ. 2016. Effect of dried mealworm larvae probiotics on quality and oxidative stability of meat in broilers. J. Poult. Sci. 4:462–67
    [Google Scholar]
48. 48.

    Ji KM, Zhan ZK, Chen JJ, Liu ZG. 2008. Anaphylactic shock caused by silkworm pupa consumption in China. Allergy 63:1407–8
    [Google Scholar]
49. 49.

    Jiang XL, Tian JC, Zhi H, Zhang WD. 2008. Protein content and amino acid composition in grains of wheat-related species. Agric. Sci. China 7:3272–79
    [Google Scholar]
50. 50.

    Jin XH, Heo PS, Hong JS, Kim NJ, Kim YY. 2016. Supplementation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Asian-Aust. . J. Anim. Sci. 29:979–86
    [Google Scholar]
51. 51.

    Kampmeier GE, Irwin BE 2009. Commercialization of insects and their products. Encyclopedia of Insects VH Resh, RT Cardé 220–27. Cambridge, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
52. 52.

    Karnjanapratum S, Kaewthong P, Indriani S, Petsong K, Takeungwongtrakul S. 2022. Characteristics and nutritional value of silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae-fortified chicken bread spread. Sci. Rep. 12:1492
    [Google Scholar]
53. 53.

    Kelemu S, Niassy S, Torto B, Fiaboe K, Affognon H et al. 2015. African edible insects for food and feed: inventory, diversity, commonalities and contribution to food security. J. Insects Food Feed 2:103–19
    [Google Scholar]
54. 54.

    Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Świątkiewicz S et al. 2018. Effects of replacing soybean oil with selected insect fats on broilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 240:170–83
    [Google Scholar]
55. 55.

    Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J et al. 2022. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. Anim. Nutr. 11:60–79
    [Google Scholar]
56. 56.

    Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Leciejewska N, Józefiak D. 2021. Hermetia illucens fat affects the gastrointestinal tract selected microbial populations, their activity, and the immune status of broiler chickens. Ann. Anim. Sci. 22:2663–75
    [Google Scholar]
57. 57.

    Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Szymkowiak P, Stuper-Szablewska K, Józefiak D. 2023. Black soldier fly lava fat in broiler chicken diets affects breast meat quality. Animals 13:71137
    [Google Scholar]
58. 58.

    Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Pawełczyk P, Różyńska J, Golusik J et al. 2018. Do insects smell attractive to dogs? A comparison of dog reactions to insects and commercial feed aromas—a preliminary study. Ann. Anim. Sci. 18:3795–800
    [Google Scholar]
59. 59.

    Kim HW, Setyabrata D, Lee YJ, Jones OG, Kim YH. 2016. Pre-treated mealworm larvae and silkworm pupae as a novel protein ingredient in emulsion sausages. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 38:116–23
    [Google Scholar]
60. 60.

    Kim YJ, Chon JW, Song KY, Kim DH, Kim H, Seo KH. 2017. Sensory profiles of protein-fortified kefir prepared using edible insects (silkworm pupae, Bombyx mori): a preliminary study. J. Dairy Sci. Biotechnol. 35:262–65
    [Google Scholar]
61. 61.

    Ko HS, Kim YH, Kim JS. 2020. The produced mealworm meal through organic wastes as a sustainable protein source for weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 62:365–73
    [Google Scholar]
62. 62.

    Kouřimská L, Adámková A. 2016. Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects. NFS J. 4:22–26
    [Google Scholar]
63. 63.

    Kozłowski K, Ognik K, Stępniowska A, Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z et al. 2021. Growth performance, immune status and intestinal fermentative processes of young turkeys fed diet with additive of full fat meals from Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 278:114994
    [Google Scholar]
64. 64.

    Kröger T, Dupont J, Büsing L, Fiebelkorn F. 2022. Acceptance of insect-based food products in Western societies: a systematic review. Front. Nutr. 8:759885
    [Google Scholar]
65. 65.

    Kumar D, Dev P, Kumar RV 2015. Biomedical applications of silkworm pupae proteins. Biomedical Applications of Natural Proteins: An Emerging Era in Biomedical Sciences D Kumar, R Kundapur 41–49. Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
66. 66.

    Kumar V, Fawole FJ, Romano N, Hossain MS, Labh SN et al. 2021. Insect (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil. Fish Shellfish Immunol 109:116–24
    [Google Scholar]
67. 67.

    Lähteenmäki-Uutela A, Marimuthu SB, Meijer N. 2021. Regulations on insects as food and feed: a global comparison. J. Insects Food Feed. 7:849–56
    [Google Scholar]
68. 68.

    Lee KI, Chae Y, Yun T, Koo Y, Lee D et al. 2021. Clinical application of insect-based diet in canine allergic dermatitis. Korean J. Vet. Res. 61:e36
    [Google Scholar]
69. 69.

    Lei XJ, Kim TH, Park JH, Kim IH. 2019. Evaluation of supplementation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in beagle dogs. Ann. Anim. Sci. 19:767–77
    [Google Scholar]
70. 70.

    Loizou S, Lekakis I, Chrousos GP, Moutsatsou P. 2010. Beta-sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54:551–58
    [Google Scholar]
71. 71.

    Lu HY, Chen YH, Liu HJ. 2012. Baculovirus as a vaccine vector. Bioengineered 5:271–74
    [Google Scholar]
72. 72.

    Madhan S, Prabakaran M, Kwang J. 2010. Baculovirus as vaccine vectors. Curr. Gene Ther. 10:201–13
    [Google Scholar]
73. 73.

    Majtan J, Kumar P, Majtan T, Walls AF, Klaudiny J. 2010. Effect of honey and its major royal jelly protein 1 on cytokine and MMP-9 mRNA transcripts in human keratinocytes. Exp. Dermatol. 19:e73–79
    [Google Scholar]
74. 74.

    Majtan J, Majtan V. 2010. Is manuka honey the best type of honey for wound care?. J. Hosp. Infect. 74:305–6
    [Google Scholar]
75. 75.

    Malematja E, Manyelo T, Sebola NA, Mabelebele M. 2023. The role of insects in promoting the health and gut status of poultry. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 32:501–13
    [Google Scholar]
76. 76.

    Marinangeli CPF, Varady KA, Jones PJH. 2006. Plant sterols combined with exercise for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: overview of independent and synergistic mechanisms of action. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17:217–24
    [Google Scholar]
77. 77.

    Mariod AA. 2020. The legislative status of edible insects in the world. African Edible Insects as Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components AA Mariod 141–48. Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
78. 78.

    Maulu S, Langi S, Hasimuna OJ, Missinhoun D, Munganga BP et al. 2022. Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: a review. Anim. Nutr. 11:334–49
    [Google Scholar]
79. 79.

    Meyer S, Gessner DK, Braune MS, Friedhoff T, Most E et al. 2020. Comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic effects of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor L. in growing pigs by transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 11:20
    [Google Scholar]
80. 80.

    Molan PC. 2006. The evidence supporting the use of honey as a wound dressing. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 5:40–54
    [Google Scholar]
81. 81.

    Mudalungu CM, Mokaya HO, Tanga CM. 2023. Beneficial sterols in selected edible insects and their associated antibacterial activities. . Sci. Rep. 13:10786
    [Google Scholar]
82. 82.

    Mudalungu CM, Tanga CM, Kelemu S, Torto B. 2021. An overview of antimicrobial compounds from African edible insects and their associated microbiota. Antibiotics 10:621
    [Google Scholar]
83. 83.

    Murugu DK, Onyango AN, Ndiritu AK, Osuga IM, Xavier C et al. 2021. From farm to fork: crickets as alternative source of protein, minerals, and vitamins. Front. Nutr. 8:704002
    [Google Scholar]
84. 84.

    Ndotono EW, Khamis FM, Bargul JL, Tanga CM. 2022. Gut microbiota shift in layer pullets fed on black soldier fly larvae-based feeds towards enhancing healthy gut microbial community. Sci. Rep. 12:16714
    [Google Scholar]
85. 85.

    Nino MC, Reddivari L, Ferruzzi MG, Liceaga AM. 2021. Targeted phenolic characterization and antioxidant bioactivity of extracts from edible Acheta domesticus. Foods 10:102295
    [Google Scholar]
86. 86.

    Nitharwal M, Kumawat S, Jatav HS, Khan MA, Chandra K et al. 2022. Edible insects a novel food processing industry: an overview. Agric. Rev. 1:2357
    [Google Scholar]
87. 87.

    Nowakowski AC, Miller AC, Miller ME, Xiao H, Wu X. 2022. Potential health benefits of edible insects. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62:3499–508
    [Google Scholar]
88. 88.

    Ochieng BO, Anyango JO, Nduko JM, Cheseto X, Mudalungu CM et al. 2022. Dynamics in nutrients, sterols and total flavonoid content during processing of the edible long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens Serville) for food. Food Chem. 383:132397
    [Google Scholar]
89. 89.

    Patel MD, Thompson PD. 2006. Phytosterols and vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 186:12–19
    [Google Scholar]
90. 90.

    Pickles SF, Pritchard DI. 2017. Endotoxin testing of a wound debridement device containing medicinal Lucilia sericata larvae. Wound Repair Regen 25:498–501
    [Google Scholar]
91. 91.

    Rahal A, Kumar A, Singh V, Yadav B, Tiwari R et al. 2014. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. BioMed. Res. Int. 2014:761264
    [Google Scholar]
92. 92.

    Rahnamaeian M, Cytryńska M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Dobslaff K, Wiesner J et al. 2015. Insect antimicrobial peptides show potentiating functional interactions against Gram-negative bacteria. Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20150293
    [Google Scholar]
93. 93.

    Ramos-Elorduy J. 2008. Energy supplied by edible insects from Mexico and their nutritional and ecological importance. Ecol. Food Nutr. 47:280–97
    [Google Scholar]
94. 94.

    Ratcliffe N, Azambuja P, Mello CB. 2014. Recent advances in developing insect natural products as potential modern day medicines. Evid.Based Complement. . Altern. Med. 2:904958
    [Google Scholar]
95. 95.

    Ratcliffe NA, Mello CB, Garcia ES, Butt TM, Azambuja P. 2011. Insect natural products and processes: new treatments for human disease. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41:747–69
    [Google Scholar]
96. 96.

    Raubenheimer D, Rothman JM. 2013. Nutritional ecology of entomophagy in humans and other primates. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:141–60
    [Google Scholar]
97. 97.

    Ribeiro JC, Cunha LM, Sousa-Pinto B, Fonseca J. 2018. Allergic risks of consuming edible insects: a systematic review. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 62:1700030
    [Google Scholar]
98. 98.

    Sá AG, Moreno YM, Carciofi BA. 2020. Food processing for the improvement of plant proteins digestibility. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 60:203367–86
    [Google Scholar]
99. 99.

    Sadat A, Biswas T, Cardoso MH, Mondal R, Ghosh A et al. 2022. Silkworm pupae as a future food with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 44:100818
    [Google Scholar]
100. 100.

     Schley L, Roper TJ. 2003. Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mamm. Rev. 33:143–56
     [Google Scholar]
101. 101.

     Schlüter O, Rumpold B, Holzhauser T, Roth A, Vogel RF et al. 2017. Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 61:1600520
     [Google Scholar]
102. 102.

     Seabrooks L, Hu L. 2017. Insects: an underrepresented resource for the discovery of biologically active natural products. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 7:409–26
     [Google Scholar]
103. 103.

     Seo K, Cho HW, Chun J, Jeon J, Kim C et al. 2021. Evaluation of fermented oat and black soldier fly larva as food ingredients in senior dog diets. Animals 11:3509
     [Google Scholar]
104. 104.

     Shelomi M, Jacobs C, Vilcinskas A, Vogel H. 2020. The unique antimicrobial peptide repertoire of stick insects. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 103:103471
     [Google Scholar]
105. 105.

     Sherman RA. 2009. Maggot therapy takes us back to the future of wound care: new and improved maggot therapy for the 21st century. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3:336–44
     [Google Scholar]
106. 106.

     Stull VJ, Finer E, Bergmans RS, Febvre HP, Longhurst C et al. 2018. Impact of edible cricket consumption on gut microbiota in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Sci. Rep. 8:10762
     [Google Scholar]
107. 107.

     Sypniewski J, Kierończyk B, Benzertiha A, Mikołajczak Z, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E et al. 2020. Replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat in turkey nutrition: effect on performance, digestibility, microbial community, immune and physiological status and final product quality. Br. Poult. Sci. 61:3294–302
     [Google Scholar]
108. 108.

     Tang C, Yang D, Liao H, Sun H, Liu C et al. 2019. Edible insects as a food source: a review. Food Prod. Process. Nutr. 1:8
     [Google Scholar]
109. 109.

     Tanga CM, Egonyu JP, Beesigamukama D, Niassy S, Emily K et al. 2021. Edible insect farming as an emerging and profitable enterprise in East Africa. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 48:64–71
     [Google Scholar]
110. 110.

     Tao J, Li YO. 2018. Edible insects as a means to address global malnutrition and food insecurity issues. Food Qual. Saf. 2:117–26
     [Google Scholar]
111. 111.

     Tilami SK, Turek J, Červený D, Lepič P, Kozák P et al. 2020. Insect meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in a formulated diet for perch Perca fluviatilis. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 20:12867–78
     [Google Scholar]
112. 112.

     Timbermont L, Lanckriet A, Dewulf J, Nollet N, Schwarzer K et al. 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathol 39:117–21
     [Google Scholar]
113. 113.

     Udomsil N, Imsoonthornruksa S, Gosalawit C, Ketudat-Cairns M. 2019. Nutritional values and functional properties of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). Food Sci. Technol. Res. 25:597–605
     [Google Scholar]
114. 114.

     U. N. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights New York: U. N. Dept. Econ. Soc. Aff.
115. 115.

     van Huis A. 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:563–83
     [Google Scholar]
116. 116.

     van Huis A. 2020. Nutrition and health of edible insects. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 23:228–31
     [Google Scholar]
117. 117.

     van Huis A, Dicke M, van Loon JJ. 2015. Insects to feed the world. J. Insects Food Feed. 1:13–5
     [Google Scholar]
118. 118.

     van Huis A, van Itterbeeck J, Klunder H, Mertens E, Halloran A et al. 2013. Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security Rome: FAO
119. 119.

     van Itterbeeck J, Pelozuelo L. 2022. How many edible insect species are there? A not so simple question. Diversity 14:143
     [Google Scholar]
120. 120.

     Wade B, Keyburn A. 2015. The true cost of necrotic enteritis. World Poult 31:16–17
     [Google Scholar]
121. 121.

     Wang L, Li J, Jin JN, Zhu F, Roffeis M, Zhang XZ. 2017. A comprehensive evaluation of replacing fishmeal with housefly (Musca domestica) maggot meal in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): growth performance, flesh quality, innate immunity and water environment. Aquac. Nutr. 23:983–93
     [Google Scholar]
122. 122.

     Were GJ, Irungu FG, Ngoda PN, Affognon H, Ekesi S et al. 2021. Nutritional and microbial quality of extruded fish feeds containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L) larvae meal as a replacement for fish meal for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J. Appl. Aquac. 34:41036–52
     [Google Scholar]
123. 123.

     Woyengo TA, Ramprasath VR, Jones PJH. 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:813–20
     [Google Scholar]
124. 124.

     Wu X, He K, Velickovic TC, Liu Z. 2021. Nutritional, functional, and allergenic properties of silkworm pupae. Food Sci. Nutr. 9:4655–65
     [Google Scholar]
125. 125.

     Xiang J, Qin L, Zhao D, Xiong F, Wang G et al. 2020. Growth performance, immunity and intestinal microbiota of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) fed a diet supplemented with house fly larvae (Musca domestica). Aquac. Nutr. 26:693–704
     [Google Scholar]
126. 126.

     Xiong X, Yang HS, Li L, Wang YF, Huang RL et al. 2014. Effects of antimicrobial peptides in nursery diets on growth performance of pigs reared on five different farms. Livest. Sci. 167:206–10
     [Google Scholar]
127. 127.

     Yazici GN, Ozer MS. 2021. Using edible insects in the production of cookies, biscuits, and crackers: a review. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 6:80
     [Google Scholar]
128. 128.

     Yi HY, Chowdhury M, Huang YD, Yu XQ. 2014. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98:5807–22
     [Google Scholar]
129. 129.

     Yoon JH, Ingale SL, Kim JS, Kim KH, Lee SH et al. 2012. Effects of dietary supplementation of antimicrobial peptide-A3 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and fecal microflora and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 177:98–107
     [Google Scholar]
130. 130.

     Yoon JH, Ingale SL, Kim JS, Kim KH, Lee SH et al. 2014. Effects of dietary supplementation of synthetic antimicrobial peptide-A3 and P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, fecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Livest. Sci. 159:53–60
     [Google Scholar]
131. 131.

     Yoon JH, Ingale SL, Kim JS, Kim KH, Lohakare J et al. 2013. Effects of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide-P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, faecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93:587–92
     [Google Scholar]
132. 132.

     Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G et al. 2019. Use of Hermetia illucens larvae as a dietary protein source: effects on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Meat Sci. 158:107837
     [Google Scholar]
133. 133.

     Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G et al. 2020. Evaluation of full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a fishmeal replacement for weanling piglets: effects on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and gut morphology. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 264:114431
     [Google Scholar]
134. 134.

     Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. 2019. Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 10:50
     [Google Scholar]
135. 135.

     Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Wang G, Rong T et al. 2020b. Hermetia illucens larvae as a fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 98:skz395
     [Google Scholar]
136. 136.

     Zeitz JO, Fennhoff J, Kluge H, Stangl GI, Eder K. 2015. Effects of dietary fats rich in lauric and myristic acid on performance, intestinal morphology, gut microbes, and meat quality in broilers. Poult. Sci. 94:102404–13
     [Google Scholar]
137. 137.

     Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhou S, Duan H, Guo J, Yan W. 2022. Nutritional composition, health benefits, and application value of edible insects: a review. Foods 11:3961
     [Google Scholar]
138. 138.

     Zhou Y, Zhou S, Duan H, Wang J, Yan W. 2022. Silkworm pupae: a functional food with health benefits for humans. Foods 11:1594
     [Google Scholar]