1932

Abstract

The water, sanitation, and solid waste sectors are closely related and have many interactions between their respective service chains in low- and middle-income countries. Currently, these interactions mostly lead to cross-contamination, and opportunities for co-benefits are seldom realized. This review presents the key advancements within each of these three development sectors in the past two decades. We identify numerous similarities such as decentralization, resource recovery, community involved planning, and digitalization. Despite the potential for synergies and the opportunities to maximize positive interactions, there have been few attempts to break the existing sectoral silos in order to integrate these three service chains. We argue that, with the right enabling environment, an integrated approachto holistically planning and implementing water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management can create positive interactions resulting in co-benefits among complementary development goals.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304
2021-10-18
2024-10-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/46/1/annurev-environ-030620-042304.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Bartram J, Cairncross S. 2010. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLOS Med 7:11e1000367
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Ziraba AK, Haregu TN, Mberu B. 2016. A review and framework for understanding the potential impact of poor solid waste management on health in developing countries. Arch. Public Health 74:155
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Schroeder P, Anggraeni K, Weber U. 2019. The relevance of circular economy practices to the Sustainable Development Goals. J. Ind. Ecol. 23:177–95
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Valcourt N, Javernick-Will A, Walters J, Linden K. 2020. System approaches to water, sanitation, and hygiene: a systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17:31702
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Scott R, Scott P, Hawkins P, Blackett I, Cotton A, Lerebours A. 2019. Integrating basic urban services for better sanitation outcomes. Sustainability 11:236706
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Benjamin-Chung J, Amin N, Ercumen A, Arnold BF, Hubbard AE et al. 2018. A randomized controlled trial to measure spillover effects of a combined water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention in rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Epidemiol. 187:81733–44
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Tilley E, Strande L, Lüthi C, Mosler H-J, Udert KM et al. 2014. Looking beyond technology: an integrated approach to water, sanitation and hygiene in low income countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:179965–70
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Oseland SE. 2019. Breaking silos: can cities break down institutional barriers in climate planning?. J. Environ. Policy Plan. 21:4345–57
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.), UNICEF (United Nations Child. Fund) 2016. WASH in the 2030 agenda. Brief Note, WHO, UNICEF New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Lüthi C, Morel A, Tilley E, Ulrich L. 2011. Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning (CLUES) Dübendorf, Switz.: Eawag-Sandec, WSSCC, UN-HABITAT
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Nelson KL, Murray A. 2008. Sanitation for unserved populations: technologies, implementation challenges, and opportunities. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 33:11951
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Amrose S, Burt Z, Ray I. 2015. Safe drinking water for low-income regions. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 40:20331
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    UN (United Nations) General Assembly 2010. The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation Resolut. 64/292 UN, New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.), UNICEF (United Nations Int. Child. Emerg. Fund) 2017. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Geneva/New York: WHO, UNICEF
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    UN (United Nations) Water 2015. Eliminating discrimination and inequalities in access to water and sanitation Policy Brief, UN Water Geneva:
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.) 2019. Safely Managed Drinking-Water—Thematic Report Geneva: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Miller M, Cronk R, Klug T, Kelly ER, Behnke N, Bartram J. 2019. External support programs to improve rural drinking water service sustainability: a systematic review. Sci. Total. Environ. 670:717–30
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Overbo A, Williams AR, Evans B, Hunter PR, Bartram J. 2016. On-plot drinking water supplies and health: a systematic review. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 219:317–30
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Shields KF, Bain RES, Cronk R, Wright JA, Bartram J. 2015. Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: a bivariate meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 123:1222–31
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Thomas TK, Ritter T, Bruden D, Bruce M, Byrd K et al. 2016. Impact of providing in-home water service on the rates of infectious diseases: results from four communities in Western Alaska. J. Water Health 14:1132–41
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Geere J-A, Bartram J, Bates L, Danquah L, Evans B et al. 2018. Carrying water may be a major contributor to disability from musculoskeletal disorders in low income countries: a cross-sectional survey in South Africa, Ghana and Vietnam. J. Glob. Health 8:110406
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Enger KS, Nelson KL, Rose JB, Eisenberg JNS. 2013. The joint effects of efficacy and compliance: a study of household water treatment effectiveness against childhood diarrhea. Water Res 47:31181–90
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Hunter PR. 2009. Household water treatment in developing countries: comparing different intervention types using meta-regression. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:238991–97
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Clasen T. 2015. Household water treatment and safe storage to prevent diarrheal disease in developing countries. Curr. Environ. Heal. Rep. 2:169–74
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    UNDP (United Nations Dev. Progr.) 2006. Human Development Report—Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis New York: UNDP
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Pronk W, Ding A, Morgenroth E, Derlon N, Desmond P et al. 2019. Gravity-driven membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatment: a review. Water Res. 149:553–65
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Peter-Varbanets M, Dreyer K, McFadden N, Ouma H, Wanyama K. 2017. Evaluating novel gravity-driven membrane (GDM) water kiosks in schools Conf. Pap. 2735 Water Eng. Dev. Cent. Loughborough, UK:
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Bolisetty S, Mezzenga R. 2016. Amyloid-carbon hybrid membranes for universal water purification. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11:4365–71
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. 91106–17
  30. 30. 
    Meierhofer R, Wietlisbach B, Matiko C. 2019. Influence of container cleanliness, container disinfection with chlorine, and container handling on recontamination of water collected from a water kiosk in a Kenyan slum. J. Water Health 17:2308–17
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr., Luby SP. 2015. Effects of source- versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE 10:3e0121907
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Pickering AJ, Crider Y, Amin N, Bauza V, Unicomb L et al. 2015. Differences in field effectiveness and adoption between a novel automated chlorination system and household manual chlorination of drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE 10:3e0118397
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Kremer M, Miguel E, Mullainathan S, Null C, Zwane AP 2009. Making water safe: Price, persuasion, peers, promoters, or product design? Work. Pap., Harvard Univ. Cambridge, MA:
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Crider Y, Sultana S, Unicomb L, Davis J, Luby SP, Pickering AJ. 2018. Can you taste it? Taste detection and acceptability thresholds for chlorine residual in drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sci. Total Environ 613–614:840–46
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Linden KG, Hull N, Speight V. 2019. Thinking outside the treatment plant: UV for water distribution system disinfection. Acc. Chem. Res. 52:1226–33
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Therkildsen O. 1988. Watering White Elephants? Lessons from Donor Funded Planning and Implementation of Rural Water Supplies in Tanzania Uppsala, Swed.: Scand. Inst. Afr. Stud.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Lockwood H, Smits S. 2011. Supporting Rural Water Supply: Moving Towards a Service Delivery Approach Rugby, UK: Pract. Action Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Valcourt N, Walters J, Javernick-Will A, Linden K, Hailegiorgis B. 2020. Understanding rural water services as a complex system: an assessment of key factors as potential leverage points for improved service sustainability. Sustainability 12:31243
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Kelly E, Lee K, Shields KF, Cronk R, Behnke N et al. 2017. The role of social capital and sense of ownership in rural community-managed water systems: qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. J. Rural Stud. 56:156–66
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Contzen N, Marks SJ. 2018. Increasing the regular use of safe water kiosk through collective psychological ownership: a mediation analysis. J. Environ. Psychol. 57:June45–52
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Silva-Novoa Sanchez LM, Kemerink-Seyoum JS, Waiswa Batega D, Paul R 2020. Caught in the middle? Access to water in the rural to urban transformation of Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality, Uganda. Water Policy 22:4670–85
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Marks SJ, Clair-Caliot G, Taing L, Bamwenda JT, Kanyesigye C et al. 2020. Water supply and sanitation services in small towns in rural-urban transition zones: the case of Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Uganda. npj Clean Water 3:121
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Cassivi A, Tilley E, Waygood EOD, Dorea C. 2021. Evaluating self-reported measures and alternatives to monitor access to drinking water: a case study in Malawi. Sci. Total Environ. 750:141516
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Ferrero G, Setty K, Rickert B, George S, Rinehold A et al. 2019. Capacity building and training approaches for water safety plans: a comprehensive literature review. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 222:615–27
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Batram J, Corrales L, Davison A, Deere D, Drury D et al. 2009. Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-By-Step Risk Management for Drinking-Water Suppliers. Geneva: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Brown RR, Keath N, Wong THF. 2009. Urban water management in cities: historical, current and future regimes. Water Sci. Technol. 59:5847–55
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Kohlitz J, Chong J, Willetts J 2020. Rural drinking water safety under climate change: the importance of addressing physical, social, and environmental dimensions. Resources 9:677
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Sinharoy SS, Pittluck R, Clasen T. 2019. Review of drivers and barriers of water and sanitation policies for urban informal settlements in low-income and middle-income countries. Util. Policy 60:100957
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Hope R, Thomson P, Koehler J, Foster T. 2020. Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa. Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy 36:1171–90
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Whaley L, MacAllister DJ, Bonsor H, Mwathung E, Banda S et al. 2019. Evidence, ideology, and the policy of community management in Africa. Environ. Res. Lett. 14:8
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    UNICEF (United Nations Int. Child. Emerg. Fund), WHO (World Health Organ.) 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 20002017: Special Focus on Inequalities New York: UNICEF, WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Andres L, Boateng K, Borja-Vega C, Thomas E 2018. A review of in-situ and remote sensing technologies to monitor water and sanitation interventions. Water 10:6756
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Kaminsky J, Kumpel E 2018. Dry pipes: associations between utility performance and intermittent piped water supply in low and middle income countries. Water 10:81032
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Kumpel E, Peletz R, Bonham M, Fay A, Cock-Esteb A, Khush R. 2015. When are mobile phones useful for water quality data collection? An analysis of data flows and ICT applications among regulated monitoring institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12:910846–60
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Hope R, Goodall S, Katilu A, Koehler J, Thomson P. 2015. Financial sustainability for universal rural water servicesevidence from Kyuso, Kenya Work. Pap. 2 Water Progr., Smith Sch. Enterp. Environ., Oxf. Univ.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Mara D, Evans B. 2017. The sanitation and hygiene targets of the sustainable development goals: scope and challenges. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 8:1–16
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Mara D, Lane J, Scott B, Trouba D. 2010. Sanitation and health. PLOS Med 7:11e1000363
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Hutton G. 2013. Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply. J. Water Health 11:11–12
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Curtis V. 2019. Explaining the outcomes of the “Clean India” campaign: institutional behaviour and sanitation transformation in India. BMJ Glob. Health 4:51–11
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Reymond P, Renggli S, Lüthi C. 2016. Towards sustainable sanitation in an urbanising world. Sustainable Urbanization M. Ergun 115–34 Rijeka, Croat: InTech
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Hyun C, Burt Z, Crider Y, Nelson KL, Prasad CSS et al. 2019. Sanitation for low-income regions: a cross-disciplinary review. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 44:287–318
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Gambrill M, Gilsdorf RJ, Kotwal N. 2020. Citywide Inclusive Sanitation—business as unusual: shifting the paradigm by shifting minds. Front. . Environ. Sci. 7:201
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Dodane PH, Mbéguéré M, Sow O, Strande L. 2012. Capital and operating costs of full-scale fecal sludge management and wastewater treatment systems in Dakar, Senegal. Environ. Sci. Technol 46:73705–11
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Strande L, Ronteltap M, Brdjanovic D 2014. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation London: IWA Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Russel KC, Hughes K, Roach M, Auerbach D, Foote A et al. 2019. Taking container-based sanitation to scale: opportunities and challenges. Front. Environ. Sci. 7:190
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Reymond P, Chandragiri R, Ulrich L. 2020. Governance arrangements for the scaling up of small-scale wastewater treatment and reuse systems—lessons from India. Front. Environ. Sci. 8:72
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Narayan AS, Lüthi C. 2020. Solving urban sanitation—sustainably and equitably. World Water 43:418–21
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Schrecongost A, Pedi D, Rosenboom JW, Shrestha R, Ban R. 2020. Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: a public service approach for reaching the urban sanitation SDGs. Front. Environ. Sci. 8:19
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Wagner E, Lanoix J. 1958. Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities Monogr. 39, World Health Organ Geneva:
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Jenkins D, Wanner J. 2014. Activated Sludge—100 Years and Counting. The Hague Neth: IWA Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.) 2018. Guidelines on Sanitation and Health Geneva: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Velkushanova K, Strande L, Ronteltap M, Koottatep T, Brdjanovic D, Buckley C 2020. Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis London: IWA Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Klinger M, Gueye A, Manandhar Sharpa A, Strande L 2019. Scoping study: faecal sludge treatment plants in South-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa eFSTP Proj. Rep., Bill & Melinda Gates Found. Seattle:
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Narayana D. 2020. Co-Treatment of Septage and Fecal Sludge in Sewage Treatment Facilities: A Guide for Planners and Implementers London: IWA Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Ward BJ, Traber J, Gueye A, Diop B, Morgenroth E, Strande L. 2019. Evaluation of conceptual model and predictors of faecal sludge dewatering performance in Senegal and Tanzania. Water Res 167:115101
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Torondel B, Ensink JHJ, Gundogdu O, Ijaz UZ, Parkhill J et al. 2016. Assessment of the influence of intrinsic environmental and geographical factors on the bacterial ecology of pit latrines. Microb. Biotechnol. 9:2209–23
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Penn R, Ward BJ, Strande L, Maurer M. 2018. Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research. Water Res 132:222–40
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Chipeta WC, Holm RH, Kamanula JF, Mtonga WE, de los Reyes FL. 2017. Designing local solutions for emptying pit latrines in low-income urban settlements (Malawi). Phys. Chem. Earth 100:336–42
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Hiolski E. 2019. The toilet gets a makeover. ACS Cent. Sci. 5:81303–6
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Krueger BC, Fowler GD, Templeton MR, Moya B. 2020. Resource recovery and biochar characteristics from full-scale faecal sludge treatment and co-treatment with agricultural waste. Water Res 169:115253
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Andriessen N, Ward BJ, Strande L. 2019. To char or not to char? Review of technologies to produce solid fuels for resource recovery from faecal sludge. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 9:210–44
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Lalander C, Diener S, Magri ME, Zurbrügg C, Lindström A, Vinnerås B. 2013. Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)—from a hygiene aspect. Sci. Total Environ 458–60:312–18
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Nikiema J, Cofie O, Impraim R. 2014. Technological Options for Safe Resource Recovery from Fecal Sludge Seattle: Bill & Melinda Gates Found.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Diener S, Semiyaga S, Niwagaba CB, Muspratt AM, Gning JB et al. 2014. A value proposition: Resource recovery from faecal sludge—Can it be the driver for improved sanitation?. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 88:32–38
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Kennedy-Walker R, Evans B, Amezaga J, Paterson C. 2014. Challenges for the future of urban sanitation planning: critical analysis of John Kalbermatten's influence. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 4:11–14
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Satterthwaite D, Beard VA, Mitlin D, Du J. 2019. Untreated and unsafe: solving the urban sanitation crisis in the Global South Work. Pap., World Resour. Inst. Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Mara D, Drangert JO, Nguyen VA, Tonderski A, Gulyas H, Tonderski K. 2007. Selection of sustainable sanitation arrangements. Water Policy 9:3305–18
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Tilley E, Ulrich L, Lüthi C, Reymond P, Zurbrügg C, Schertenleib R. 2014. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies Dübendorf, Switz.: Swiss Fed. Inst. Aquat. Sci. Technol. (Eawag). , 2nd rev. ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Peal A, Evans B, Blackett I, Hawkins P, Heymans C. 2014. Fecal sludge management (FSM): analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 4:3371–83
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.) 2015. Sanitation Safety Planning: Manual for Safe Use and Disposal of Wastewater, Greywater and Excreta Geneva: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Blackett I, Hawkins P, Smith M. 2016. Fecal sludge management services diagnostic and decision-support tools: an overview Work. Pap. Water Sanit. Progr., World Bank Gr. Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Strande L, Schoebitz L, Bischoff F, Ddiba D, Okello F et al. 2018. Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. J. Environ. Manag. 223:898–907
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Myers J. 2016. Urban community-led total sanitation: a potential way forward for co-producing sanitation services. Waterlines 35:4388–96
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Murray A, Ray I. 2010. Commentary: back-end users: the unrecognized stakeholders in demand-driven sanitation. J. Plan. Educ. Res. 30:194–102
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Kar K, Chambers R. 2008. Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation, Vol. 44 Brighton, UK: Inst. Dev. Sci.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    McGranahan G, Mitlin D. 2016. Learning from sustained success: how community-driven initiatives to improve urban sanitation can meet the challenges. World Dev 87:307–17
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Sam D, Renouf R, Stokes J. 2018. An evaluative framework for urban WASH sector functionality Rep., Water Sanit. Urb. Poor London:
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    WSP (Water Sanit. Progr.) 2011. The political economy of sanitation: How can we increase investment and improve service for the poor? Tech. Pap., Water Sanit. Progr., World Bank Gr. Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    ADB (Asian Dev. Bank) 2020. Revisiting the public-private partnership for rapid progress on the sanitation-related Sustainable Development Goals 2 Policy Brief, ADB Inst ADB, Tokyo:
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Otoo M, Drechsel P 2018. Resource Recovery from Waste—Business Models for Energy, Nutrient and Water Reuse in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Mehta M, Mehta D, Yadav U. 2019. Citywide Inclusive Sanitation through scheduled desludging services: emerging experience from India. Front. . Environ. Sci. 7:188
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    UNEP (United Nations Environ. Progr.), ISWA (Int. Solid Waste Assoc.) 2015. Global Waste Management Outlook Osaka, Jpn: UNEP
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M et al. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347:6223768–71
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Ekins P, Gupta J, Boileau P. 2019. Global Environment Outlook -GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Wilson DC, Rodic L, Scheinberg A, Velis CA, Alabaster G. 2012. Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities. Waste Manag. Res. 30:3237–54
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Vergara SE, Tchobanoglous G. 2012. Municipal solid waste and the environment: a global perspective. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37:277309
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Banerjee S, Sarkhel P. 2020. Municipal solid waste management, household and local government participation: a cross country analysis. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 63:2210–35
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Kaza S, Yao L, Bhada-Tata P, Van Woerden F. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 Washington, DC: The World Bank
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Lohri CR, Diener S, Zabaleta I, Mertenat A, Zurbrügg C. 2017. Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol. 16:81–130
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Gold M, Tomberlin JK, Diener S, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. 2018. Decomposition of biowaste macronutrients, microbes, and chemicals in black soldier fly larval treatment: a review. Waste Manag. 82: Dec. 302–18
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Stamer A. 2015. Insect proteins—a new source for animal feed. EMBO Rep 16:6676–80
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Mertenat A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C. 2019. Black Soldier Fly biowaste treatment—assessment of global warming potential. Waste Manag 84: Febr. 173–81
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Smetana S, Schmitt E, Mathys A. 2019. Sustainable use of Hermetia illucens insect biomass for feed and food: attributional and consequential life cycle assessment. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 144:285–96
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Geem K. 2017. Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manag 69: Nov. 24–58
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Kumi-Larbi A, Yunana D, Kamsouloum P, Webster M, Wilson DC, Cheeseman C. 2018. Recycling waste plastics in developing countries: use of low-density polyethylene water sachets to form plastic bonded sand blocks. Waste Manag 80: Oct. 112–18
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Vitorino de Souza Melaré A, Montenegro González S, Faceli K, Casadei V 2017. Technologies and decision support systems to aid solid-waste management: a systematic review. Waste Manag. 59: Jan. 567–84
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Coelho TR, Hino MRMC, Vahldick SMO. 2019. The use of ICT in the informal recycling sector: the Brazilian case of Relix. Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Ctries. 85:3e12078
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Wilson DC, Velis CA, Rodic L. 2013. Integrated sustainable waste management in developing countries. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.—Waste Resour. Manag. 166:252–68
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Marshall RE, Farahbakhsh K. 2013. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Manag 33:4988–1003
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Aparcana S. 2017. Approaches to formalization of the informal waste sector into municipal solid waste management systems in low- and middle-income countries: review of barriers and success factors. Waste Manag. 61:March593–607
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Kubota R, Horita M, Tasaki T. 2020. Integration of community-based waste bank programs with the municipal solid-waste-management policy in Makassar, Indonesia. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag 22:3928–37
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Reyna-Bensusan N, Wilson DC, Smith SR. 2018. Uncontrolled burning of solid waste by households in Mexico is a significant contributor to climate change in the country. Environ. Res. 163:280–88
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Mukherjee Basu A, Punjabi S 2020. Participation in solid waste management: lessons from the Advanced Locality Management (ALM) programme of Mumbai. J. Urban Manag. 9:193–103
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Bel G, Mur M. 2009. Intermunicipal cooperation, privatization and waste management costs: evidence from rural municipalities. Waste Manag 29:102772–78
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    Castillo RM. 2020. Promoting environment at grassroots: barangay institutional mapping of solid waste management. J. Community Dev. Res. 13:2
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Troschinetz AM, Mihelcic JR. 2009. Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manag 29:2915–23
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Varotto A, Spagnolli A. 2017. Psychological strategies to promote household recycling. A systematic review with meta-analysis of validated field interventions. J. Environ. Psychol. 51:168–88
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Rousta K, Zisen L, Hellwig C 2020. Household waste sorting participation in developing countries—a meta-analysis. Recycling 5:16
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Scheinberg A, Spies S, Simpson MH, Mol APJ. 2011. Assessing urban recycling in low- and middle-income countries: building on modernised mixtures. Habitat Int 35:2188–98
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130. 
    UN (United Nations) 2018. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment Rep. A/HRC/37/59 UN, New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Huston A, Moriarty P. 2018. Building strong WASH systems for the SDGs: understanding the WASH system and its building blocks Work. Pap. IRC The Hague, Neth:.
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    McDonald DA. 2018. Remunicipalization: the future of water services?. Geoforum 91:47–56
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    SDC (Swiss Agency Dev. Co-op.) 2000. Cirebon Urban Development Project Report Bern, Switz: SDC
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134. 
    WSP (Water Sanit. Progr.) 2010. Marching together with a city wide sanitation strategy. Rep. WSP Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    Dunleavy P. 2008. The Future of Joined-Up Public Services London: Public Serv. Trust RSA
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. 
    Parkinson J. 2003. Drainage and stormwater management strategies for low-income urban communities. Environ. Urban. 15:2115–26
    [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Mguni P, Herslund L, Jensen MB. 2016. Sustainable urban drainage systems: examining the potential for green infrastructure-based stormwater management for Sub-Saharan cities. Nat. Hazards 82:241–57
    [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    See LS, Calo L, Bannon B, Opdyke A. 2020. An open data approach to mapping urban drainage infra-structure in developing communities. Water 12:71880
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Morel A, Diener S. 2006. Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. Sandec Report: Vol. 14/06 . Dübendorf, Switz.: Swiss Fed. Inst. Aquatic Sci. Technol.
    [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Sushmitha MB, Chanakya HN, Khuntia HK 2019. Efficient grey water treatment and reuse options for India—a review. Waste Water Recycling and Management S Ghosh 143–49 Singapore: Springer, Singapore
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Bakare BF, Mtsweni S, Rathilal S. 2016. A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in a low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa. J. Water Reuse Desalin. 6:2345–54
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Siggins A, Burton V, Ross C, Lowe H, Horswell J. 2016. Effects of long-term greywater disposal on soil: a case study. Sci. Total Environ. 557–58:627–35
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Howard G, Bartram J, Brocklehurst C, Colford JM Jr., Costa F et al. 2020. COVID-19: urgent actions, critical reflections and future relevance of ‘WaSH’: lessons for the current and future pandemics. J. Water Health 18:613–30
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 144. 
    UNICEF (United Nations Int. Child. Emerg. Fund), WHO (World Health Organ.) 2020. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: Special Focus on COVID-19. New York/Geneva: UNICEF, WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    Wilkinson A. 2020. Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic in informal urban settlements. Environ. Urban. 32:503–22
    [Google Scholar]
  146. 146. 
    Kalina M, Tilley E. 2020.. “ This is our next problem”: cleaning up from the COVID-19 response. Waste Manag 108:May202–5
    [Google Scholar]
  147. 147. 
    Cullivan D, Tippett B, Edwards DB, Rosensweig F, Mccaffery J. 1988. Guidelines for institutional assessment water and wastewater institutions WASH Tech. Rep. 37 USAID Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  148. 148. 
    de Jong D. 2003. Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene—thematic overview paper WASH Work. Pap., IRC Delft, Neth.:
    [Google Scholar]
  149. 149. 
    Collyer FM. 2018. Global patterns in the publishing of academic knowledge: global North, global South. Curr. Sociol. 66:156–73
    [Google Scholar]
  150. 150. 
    Czerniewicz L. 2015. Confronting inequitable power dynamics of global knowledge production and exchange. Water Wheel 14:526–29
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error