1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
  4. Volume 14, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Food Science and Technology

Volume 14, 2023

Biotechnology in Future Food Lipids: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

Lipids are a large group of essential nutrients in daily diets that provide energy and maintain various physiological functions. As the global population is rapidly expanding, there is an urgent need to enhance the production and quality of food lipids. The development of modern biotechnology allows the manipulation of oil production in plants and microorganisms and the improvement of the nutritional value of food lipids. Various metabolic engineering strategies have been exploited to increase oil production and produce value-added oils in traditional oil crops and other novel lipid sources (e.g., plant vegetative tissues, microalgae, and oleaginous microorganisms). Furthermore, natural lipid structures can be modified by lipases to prepare functional lipids, e.g., diacylglycerols, medium–long–medium-type structured triacylglycerols, human milk-fat substitutes, and structuralphospholipids, for specific nutritional demands. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in metabolic engineering of lipid production in plants and microorganisms, and the preparation of functional lipids via biocatalysis.

Keyword(s): enzymatic modification, metabolic engineering, microbial lipids, phospholipids, structural lipids
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353
2023-03-27
2024-05-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/food/14/1/annurev-food-060721-024353.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adlercreutz D, Budde H, Wehtje E. 2002. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with defined fatty acid in the sn-1 position by lipase-catalyzed esterification and transesterification reaction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78:403–11
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Almeida JM, Alnoch RC, Souza EM, Mitchell DA, Krieger N. 2020. Metagenomics: Is it a powerful tool to obtain lipases for application in biocatalysis?. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1868:140320
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Ando Y, Saito S, Miura H, Osaki N, Katsuragi Y. 2017. Consumption of alpha-linolenic acid-enriched diacylglycerol induces increase in dietary fat oxidation compared with alpha-linolenic acid-enriched triacylglycerol: a randomized, double-blind trial. Nutr. Res. 48:85–92
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Ang X, Chen H, Xiang J-Q, Wei F, Quek SY 2019. Preparation and functionality of lipase-catalysed structured phospholipid: a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 88:373–83
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Arias CL, Quach T, Huynh T, Nguyen H, Moretti A et al. 2022. Expression of AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 during soybean embryo development influences oil and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Biotechnol. J. 20:71327–45
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Arnold FH. 2018. Directed evolution: bringing new chemistry to life. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57:4143–48
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bai S, Aziz S, Khodadadi M, Bou Mitri C, St-Louis R, Kermasha S 2013. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of medium-long-medium type structured lipids using tricaprylin and trilinolenin as substrate models. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90:377–89
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Baud S, Wuillème S, To A, Rochat C, Lepiniec L. 2009. Role of WRINKLED1 in the transcriptional regulation of glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis. Plant J 60:933–47
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Borowitzka MA. 2013. High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation. J. Appl. Phycol. 25:743–56
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bourdichon F, Morelli L, Zuliani V, Laulund S. 2018. Inventory of microbial food cultures with safety demonstration in fermented food products IDF Bull. 455–2012 Int. Dairy Fed. Brussels, Belg:.
  11. Boyd JT, LoCoco PM, Furr AR, Bendele MR, Tram M et al. 2021. Elevated dietary ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce reversible peripheral nerve dysfunction that exacerbates comorbid pain conditions. Nat. Metab. 3:762–73
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Caballero E, Soto C, Olivares A, Altamirano C. 2014. Potential use of avocado oil on structured lipids MLM-type production catalysed by commercial immobilised lipases. PLOS ONE 9:e107749
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Caldo KMP, Acedo JZ, Panigrahi R, Vederas JC, Weselake RJ, Lemieux MJ. 2017. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 is regulated by its N-terminal domain in response to allosteric effectors. Plant Physiol 175:667–80
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Casas-Godoy L, Gasteazoro F, Duquesne S, Bordes F, Marty A, Sandoval G 2018. Lipases: an overview. Lipases and Phospholipases: Methods and Protocols G Sandoval 3–38. New York: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Castejón N, Señoráns FJ. 2020. Enzymatic modification to produce health-promoting lipids from fish oil, algae and other new omega-3 sources: a review. New Biotechnol. 57:45–54
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Cernac A, Benning C. 2004. WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the control of storage compound biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J 40:575–85
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen BB, Zhang GY, Li PH, Yang JH, Guo L et al. 2020. Multiple GmWRI1s are redundantly involved in seed filling and nodulation by regulating plastidic glycolysis, lipid biosynthesis and hormone signalling in soybean (Glycine max). Plant Biotechnol. J. 18:155–71
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Cheong L-Z, Tan C-P, Long K, Affandi Yusoff MS, Arifin N et al. 2007. Production of a diacylglycerol-enriched palm olein using lipase-catalyzed partial hydrolysis: optimization using response surface methodology. Food Chem 105:1614–22
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Cintolesi A, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. 2014. In silico assessment of the metabolic capabilities of an engineered functional reversal of the β-oxidation cycle for the synthesis of longer-chain (C≥4) products. Metab. Eng. 23:100–15
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Clomburg JM, Blankschien MD, Vick JE, Chou A, Kim S, Gonzalez R. 2015. Integrated engineering of β-oxidation reversal and ω-oxidation pathways for the synthesis of medium chain ω-functionalized carboxylic acids. Metab. Eng. 28:202–12
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Clomburg JM, Contreras SC, Chou A, Siegel JB, Gonzalez R. 2018. Combination of type II fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes and thiolases supports a functional beta-oxidation reversal. Metab. Eng. 45:11–19
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Clomburg JM, Vick JE, Blankschien MD, Rodríguez-Moyá M, Gonzalez R. 2012. A synthetic biology approach to engineer a functional reversal of the β-oxidation cycle. ACS Synth. Biol. 1:541–54
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Dai ZJ, Huang MT, Chen Y, Siewers V, Nielsen J. 2018. Global rewiring of cellular metabolism renders Saccharomyces cerevisiae Crabtree negative. Nat. Commun. 9:3059
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Dellomonaco C, Clomburg JM, Miller EN, Gonzalez R. 2011. Engineered reversal of the β-oxidation cycle for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. Nature 476:355–59
     [Google Scholar]
  25. d'Espaux L, Ghosh A, Runguphan W, Wehrs M, Xu F et al. 2017. Engineering high-level production of fatty alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Metab. Eng. 42:115–25
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Ding S, Yang JK, Yan YJ. 2009. Optimization of lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of soybean oil to produce structured lipids. J. Food Biochem. 33:442–52
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Dingess KA, Valentine CJ, Ollberding NJ, Davidson BS, Woo JG et al. 2017. Branched-chain fatty acid composition of human milk and the impact of maternal diet: the Global Exploration of Human Milk (GEHM) Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105:177–84
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Focks N, Benning C. 1998. wrinkled1: a novel, low-seed-oil mutant of Arabidopsis with a deficiency in the seed-specific regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Physiol 118:91–101
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Ganske F, Bornscheuer UT. 2005. Lipase-catalyzed glucose fatty acid ester synthesis in ionic liquids. Org. Lett. 7:3097–98
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Ghazani SM, Marangoni AG. 2022. Microbial lipids for foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 119:593–607
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Godfray HC, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF et al. 2010. The future of the global food system. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 365:2769–77
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Guo W, Chen LM, Chen HF, Yang HL, You QB et al. 2020. Overexpression of GmWRI1b in soybean stably improves plant architecture and associated yield parameters, and increases total seed oil production under field conditions. Plant Biotechnol. J. 18:1639–41
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Hamilton ML, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. 2014. Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metab. Eng. 22:3–9
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Hamrick C, Chen GX. 2021. The challenges of future foods from prevention of nutrient deficiencies to the management of diabetes. J. Future Foods 1:47–57
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Han L, Usher S, Sandgrind S, Hassall K, Sayanova O et al. 2020. High level accumulation of EPA and DHA in field-grown transgenic Camelina: a multi-territory evaluation of TAG accumulation and heterogeneity. Plant Biotechnol. J. 18:2280–91
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Haslam RP, Hamilton ML, Economou CK, Smith R, Hassall KL et al. 2020. Overexpression of an endogenous type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhances lipid production and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Biotechnol. Biofuels 13:87
     [Google Scholar]
  37. He YJ, Li JB, Kodali S, Chen BL, Guo ZJ. 2017. Rationale behind the near-ideal catalysis of Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A) for highly concentrating ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into monoacylglycerols. Food Chem 219:230–39
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Hofvander P, Ischebeck T, Turesson H, Kushwaha SK, Feussner I et al. 2016. Potato tuber expression of Arabidopsis WRINKLED1 increase triacylglycerol and membrane lipids while affecting central carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14:1883–98
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Holic R, Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Singer SD, Field CJ et al. 2018. Bioactivity and biotechnological production of punicic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102:3537–49
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Hu P, Xu XB, Yu LLL. 2017. Interesterified trans-free fats rich in sn-2 nervonic acid prepared using Acer truncatum oil, palm stearin and palm kernel oil, and their physicochemical properties. LWT 76:156–63
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, Ghirardi M, Posewitz M et al. 2008. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J 54:621–39
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Kamineni A, Shaw J. 2020. Engineering triacylglycerol production from sugars in oleaginous yeasts. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 62:239–47
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Kazlauskas RJ. 1994. Elucidating structure-mechanism relationships in lipases: prospects for predicting and engineering catalytic properties. Trends Biotechnol 12:464–72
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Ke J, Wen TN, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES. 2000. Coordinate regulation of the nuclear and plastidic genes coding for the subunits of the heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Plant Physiol 122:1057–71
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Keaney JFJ, Rosen CJ. 2019. VITAL signs for dietary supplementation to prevent cancer and heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 380:91–93
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Keereetaweep J, Liu H, Zhai ZY, Shanklin J. 2018. Biotin attachment domain-containing proteins irreversibly inhibit acetyl CoA carboxylase. Plant Physiol 177:208–15
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Kim BH, Akoh CC. 2015. Recent research trends on the enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids. J. Food Sci. 80:C1713–24
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Kong Q, Singh SK, Mantyla JJ, Pattanaik S, Guo L et al. 2020. TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR4 interacts with WRINKLED1 to mediate seed oil biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 184:658–65
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Kourist R, Brundiek H, Bornscheuer UT. 2010. Protein engineering and discovery of lipases. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 112:64–74
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S et al. 2021. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 13: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2020. EFSA J. 19:e06377
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Lee WJ, Zhang Z, Lai OM, Tan CP, Wang Y. 2020. Diacylglycerol in food industry: synthesis methods, functionalities, health benefits, potential risks and drawbacks. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 97:114–25
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Lennen RM, Braden DJ, West RM, Dumesic JA, Pfleger BF. 2010. A process for microbial hydrocarbon synthesis: overproduction of fatty acids in Escherichia coli and catalytic conversion to alkanes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106:193–202
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Li DM, Khan FI, Zhao ZX, Wang WF, Yang B, Wang YH 2016. Diacylglycerol production by genetically modified lipase from Malassezia globosa. . J. Mol. Catal. B 133:S204–12
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Li DM, Qin X, Sun B, Wang W, Wang Y 2019. A feasible industrialized process for producing high purity diacylglycerols with no contaminants. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 121:1900039
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Li DM, Qin X, Wang J, Yang B, Wang W et al. 2015. Hydrolysis of soybean oil to produce diacylglycerol by a lipase from Rhizopus oryzae. J. Mol. Catal. B 115:43–50
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Li DM, Zhong XR, Faiza M, Wang WF, Lian WS et al. 2021. Simultaneous preparation of edible quality medium and high purity diacylglycerol by a novel combined approach. LWT 150:111949
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Li Q, Shao JH, Tang SH, Shen QW, Wang TH et al. 2015. Wrinkled1 accelerates flowering and regulates lipid homeostasis between oil accumulation and membrane lipid anabolism in Brassica napus. . Front. Plant Sci. 6:1015
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Liu J, Hua W, Zhan GM, Wei F, Wang XF et al. 2010. Increasing seed mass and oil content in transgenic Arabidopsis by the overexpression of wri1-like gene from Brassica napus. . Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48:9–15
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Liu J, Liu MJ, Pan YF, Shi Y, Hu HH. 2022. Metabolic engineering of the oleaginous alga Nannochloropsis for enriching eicosapentaenoic acid in triacylglycerol by combined pulling and pushing strategies. Metab. Eng. 69:163–74
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Liu LQ, Markham K, Blazeck J, Zhou NJ, Leon D et al. 2015. Surveying the lipogenesis landscape in Yarrowia lipolytica through understanding the function of a Mga2p regulatory protein mutant. Metab. Eng. 31:102–11
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Liu N, Li DM, Wang WF, Hollmann F, Xu L et al. 2018. Production and immobilization of lipase PCL and its application in synthesis of α-linolenic acid-rich diacylglycerol. J. Food Biochem. 42:e12574
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Liu Q, Guo QG, Akbar S, Zhi Y, El Tahchy A et al. 2017. Genetic enhancement of oil content in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) through an integrated metabolic engineering strategy. Plant Biotechnol. J. 15:56–67
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Lunn D, Wallis JG, Browse J. 2019. Tri-hydroxy-triacylglycerol is efficiently produced by position-specific castor acyltransferases. Plant Physiol 179:1050–63
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Lv XQ, Wu YK, Gong MY, Deng JY, Gu Y et al. 2021. Synthetic biology for future food: research progress and future directions. Future Foods 3:100025
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Ma W, Kong Q, Grix M, Mantyla JJ, Yang Y et al. 2015. Deletion of a C-terminal intrinsically disordered region of WRINKLED1 affects its stability and enhances oil accumulation in Arabidopsis. Plant J 83:864–74
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Mazurenko S, Prokop Z, Damborsky J. 2020. Machine learning in enzyme engineering. ACS Catal. 10:1210–23
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Mehrer CR, Incha MR, Politz MC, Pfleger BF. 2018. Anaerobic production of medium-chain fatty alcohols via a beta-reduction pathway. Metab. Eng. 48:63–71
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Mietkiewska E, Miles R, Wickramarathna A, Sahibollah AF, Greer MS et al. 2014. Combined transgenic expression of Punica granatum conjugase (FADX) and FAD2 desaturase in high linoleic acid Arabidopsis thaliana mutant leads to increased accumulation of punicic acid. Planta 240:575–83
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Nagao K, Yanagita T. 2010. Medium-chain fatty acids: functional lipids for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol. Res. 61:208–12
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Napier JA, Olsen RE, Tocher DR. 2019. Update on GM canola crops as novel sources of omega-3 fish oils. Plant Biotechnol. J. 17:703–5
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Nicaud J-M. 2012. Yarrowia lipolytica. Yeast 29:409–18
  72. Petrie JR, Shrestha P, Belide S, Kennedy Y, Lester G et al. 2014. Metabolic engineering Camelina sativa with fish oil-like levels of DHA. PLOS ONE 9:e85061
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Petrie JR, Zhou XR, Leonforte A, McAllister J, Shrestha P et al. 2020. Development of a Brassica napus (canola) crop containing fish oil-like levels of DHA in the seed oil. Front. Plant. Sci. 11:727
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Prabhavathi Devi BLA, Gangadhar KN, Prasad RBN, Sugasini D, Rao YPC, Lokesh BR 2018. Nutritionally enriched 1,3-diacylglycerol-rich oil: low calorie fat with hypolipidemic effects in rats. Food Chem 248:210–16
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Pyc M, Cai Y, Greer MS, Yurchenko O, Chapman KD et al. 2017. Turning over a new leaf in lipid droplet biology. Trends Plant Sci 22:596–609
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Qiao K, Abidi SHI, Liu HJ, Zhang HR, Chakraborty S et al. 2015. Engineering lipid overproduction in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolyticale. Metab. Eng. 29:56–65
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Radakovits R, Eduafo PM, Posewitz MC. 2011. Genetic engineering of fatty acid chain length in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. . Metab. Eng. 13:89–95
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Reynolds HL. 1964. Food chemicals codex. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 47:916–16
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Roesler K, Shen B, Bermudez E, Li C, Hunt J et al. 2016. An improved variant of soybean type 1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase increases the oil content and decreases the soluble carbohydrate content of soybeans. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 171:878–93
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Roesler K, Shintani D, Savage L, Boddupalli S, Ohlrogge J. 1997. Targeting of the Arabidopsis homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase to plastids of rapeseeds. Plant Physiol 113:75–81
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Rousta N, Hellwig C, Wainaina S, Lukitawesa L, Agnihotri S et al. 2021. Filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae for food: from submerged cultivation to fungal burgers and their sensory evaluation: a pilot study. Foods 10:2774
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. 2014. Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop. Plant J 77:198–208
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Ruuska SA, Girke T, Benning C, Ohlrogge JB. 2002. Contrapuntal networks of gene expression during Arabidopsis seed filling. Plant Cell 14:1191–206
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Shoji K, Hibi M, Sugita T, Takase H. 2010. Effect of low concentration of diacylglycerol on mildly postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 213:539–44
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Salie MJ, Thelen JJ. 2016. Regulation and structure of the heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1861:1207–13
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Salie MJ, Zhang N, Lancikova V, Xu D, Thelen JJ. 2016. A family of negative regulators targets the committed step of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Plant Cell 28:2312–25
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Sanjaya Durrett TP, Weise SE, Benning C 2011. Increasing the energy density of vegetative tissues by diverting carbon from starch to oil biosynthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol. J. 9:874–83
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Schmid RD, Verger R. 1998. Lipases: interfacial enzymes with attractive applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37:1608–33
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Shahidi F, Pinaffi-Langley ACC, Fuentes J, Speisky H, de Camargo AC. 2021. Vitamin E as an essential micronutrient for human health: common, novel, and unexplored dietary sources. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 176:312–21
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Shahraki MF, Atanaki FF, Ariaeenejad S, Ghaffari MR, Norouzi-Beirami MH et al. 2022. A computational learning paradigm to targeted discovery of biocatalysts from metagenomic data: a case study of lipase identification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 119:1115–28
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Shen B, Allen WB, Zheng PZ, Li CJ, Glassman K et al. 2010. Expression of ZmLEC1 and ZmWRI1 increases seed oil production in maize. Plant Physiol 153:980–87
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Shin KS, Lee SK. 2017. Introduction of an acetyl-CoA carboxylation bypass into Escherichia coli for enhanced free fatty acid production. Bioresour. Technol. 245:1627–33
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Siloto RMP, Truksa M, Brownfield D, Good AG, Weselake RJ. 2009. Directed evolution of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: development and characterization of Brassica napus DGAT1 mutagenized libraries. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 47:456–61
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Singh N, Gaur S 2021. GRAS fungi: a new horizon in safer food product. Fungi in Sustainable Food Production X Dai, M Sharma, J Chen 27–37. Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Soni S. 2022. Trends in lipase engineering for enhanced biocatalysis. Biotechnol. Appl. Bioc. 69:265–72
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Sun N, Chen J, Wang D, Lin SY 2018. Advance in food-derived phospholipids: sources, molecular species and structure as well as their biological activities. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 80:199–211
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. 2019. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1864:552–66
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Taylor DC, Zhang Y, Kumar A, Francis T, Giblin EM et al. 2009. Molecular modification of triacylglycerol accumulation by over-expression of DGAT1 to produce canola with increased seed oil content under field conditions. Botany 87:533–43
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Ulven SM, Holven KB. 2015. Comparison of bioavailability of krill oil versus fish oil and health effect. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 11:511–24
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Uprety BK, Morrison EN, Emery RJN, Farrow SC. 2022. Customizing lipids from oleaginous microbes: leveraging exogenous and endogenous approaches. Trends Biotechnol 40:482–508
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Usher S, Han L, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV, Sturtevant D et al. 2017. Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci. Rep. 7:6570
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Utama QD, Sitanggang AB, Adawiyah DR, Hariyadi P. 2019. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification for the synthesis of medium-long-medium (MLM) structured lipids: a review. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 57:305–18
     [Google Scholar]
  103. van Erp H, Kelly AA, Menard G, Eastmond PJ. 2014. Multigene engineering of triacylglycerol metabolism boosts seed oil content in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 165:30–36
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Vanhercke T, Belide S, Taylor MC, El Tahchy A, Okada S et al. 2019a. Up-regulation of lipid biosynthesis increases the oil content in leaves of Sorghum bicolor. Plant Biotechnol. J. 17:220–32
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Vanhercke T, Divi UK, El Tahchy A, Liu Q, Mitchell M et al. 2017. Step changes in leaf oil accumulation via iterative metabolic engineering. Metab. Eng. 39:237–46
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Vanhercke T, Dyer JM, Mullen RT, Kilaru A, Rahman MM et al. 2019b. Metabolic engineering for enhanced oil in biomass. Prog. Lipid Res. 74:103–29
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Vanhercke T, El Tahchy A, Liu Q, Zhou XR, Shrestha P et al. 2014. Metabolic engineering of biomass for high energy density: oilseed-like triacylglycerol yields from plant leaves. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12:231–39
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Verma S, Meghwanshi GK, Kumar R. 2021. Current perspectives for microbial lipases from extremophiles and metagenomics. Biochimie 182:23–36
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Vikbjerg AF, Mu HL, Xu XB. 2007. Synthesis of structured phospholipids by immobilized phospholipase A2 catalyzed acidolysis. J. Biotechnol. 128:545–54
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Vistisen B, Mu H, Høy C-E. 2006. Lymphatic recovery of exogenous oleic acid in rats on long chain or specific structured triacylglycerol diets. Lipids 41:827–34
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Wang BW, Zhang MG, Ge WH, He K, Cheng FS. 2019. Microencapsulated duck oil diacylglycerol: preparation and application as anti-obesity agent. LWT 101:646–52
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Wang MM, Garneau MG, Poudel AN, Lamm D, Koo AJ et al. 2022. Overexpression of pea α-carboxyltransferase in Arabidopsis and Camelina increases fatty acid synthesis leading to improved seed oil content. Plant J 110:1035–46
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Wang QT, Feng YB, Lu YD, Xin Y, Shen C et al. 2021. Manipulating fatty-acid profile at unit chain-length resolution in the model industrial oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis. Metab. Eng. 66:157–66
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Wang WF, Xu Y, Qin XL, Lan DM, Yang B, Wang YH 2014. Immobilization of lipase SMG1 and its application in synthesis of partial glycerides. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 116:1063–69
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Wang XM, Li DM, Qu M, Durrani R, Yang B, Wang YH. 2017. Immobilized MAS1 lipase showed high esterification activity in the production of triacylglycerols with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Chem 216:260–67
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Wang XM, Li DM, Wang WF, Yang B, Wang YH 2016. A highly efficient immobilized MAS1 lipase for the glycerolysis reaction of n-3 PUFA-rich ethyl esters. J. Mol. Catal. B 134:25–31
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Wang YD, Zhang T, Liu RJ, Chang M, Wei W et al. 2022. Reviews of medium- and long-chain triglyceride with respect to nutritional benefits and digestion and absorption behavior. Food Res. Int. 155:111058
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Wei W, Jin QZ, Wang XG 2019. Human milk fat substitutes: past achievements and current trends. Prog. Lipid Res. 74:69–86
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Weselake RJ, Mietkiewska E. 2014. Gene combinations for producing punicic acid in transgenic plants US Patent Appl. 14/224,582
  120. Weselake RJ, Shah S, Tang M, Quant PA, Snyder CL et al. 2008. Metabolic control analysis is helpful for informed genetic manipulation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to increase seed oil content. J. Exp. Bot. 59:3543–49
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Wu C, Hong B, Jiang SH, Luo X, Lin H et al. 2022. Recent advances on essential fatty acid biosynthesis and production: clarifying the roles of Δ12/Δ15 fatty acid desaturase. Biochem. Eng. J. 178:108306
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Wu JJ, Bao MJ, Duan XG, Zhou P, Chen CW et al. 2020. Developing a pathway-independent and full-autonomous global resource allocation strategy to dynamically switching phenotypic states. Nat Commun 11:5521
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Wu JJ, Zhang X, Xia XD, Dong MS. 2017a. A systematic optimization of medium chain fatty acid biosynthesis via the reverse beta-oxidation cycle in Escherichia coli. Metab. Eng. 41:115–24
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Wu JJ, Zhang X, Zhou P, Huang JY, Xia XD et al. 2017b. Improving metabolic efficiency of the reverse beta-oxidation cycle by balancing redox cofactor requirement. Metab. Eng. 44:313–24
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Xin Y, Lu YD, Lee Y-Y, Wei L, Jia J et al. 2017. Producing designer oils in industrial microalgae by rational modulation of co-evolving type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Mol. Plant 10:1523–39
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Xin Y, Shen C, She YT, Chen H, Wang C et al. 2019. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol molecules with a tailored PUFA profile in industrial microalgae. Mol. Plant 12:474–88
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Xu P, Qiao KJ, Suk Ahn W, Stephanopoulos G 2016. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica as a platform for synthesis of drop-in transportation fuels and oleochemicals. PNAS 113:10848–53
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Xu Y. 2022. Biochemistry and biotechnology of lipid accumulation in the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70:3711500–9
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Pal-Nath D, Ozga J, Lemieux MJ et al. 2018. Properties and biotechnological applications of Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase from terrestrial plants and microalgae. Lipids 53:663–88
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Xu Y, Mietkiewska E, Shah S, Weselake RJ, Chen G. 2020. Punicic acid production in Brassica napus. Metab. Eng. 62:20–29
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Xue J, Niu YF, Huang T, Yang WD, Liu JS, Li HY. 2015. Genetic improvement of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum for boosting neutral lipid accumulation. Metab. Eng. 27:1–9
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Yan D, Kim WJ, Yoo SM, Choi JH, Ha SH et al. 2018. Repurposing type III polyketide synthase as a malonyl-CoA biosensor for metabolic engineering in bacteria. PNAS 115:9835–44
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Yang K, Bi Y, Sun S, Yang G, Ma S, Liu W. 2014. Optimisation of Novozym-435-catalysed esterification of fatty acid mixture for the preparation of medium- and long-chain triglycerides (MLCT) in solvent-free medium. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 49:1001–11
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Yang KK, Wu Z, Arnold FH. 2019. Machine-learning-guided directed evolution for protein engineering. Nat. Methods 16:687–94
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Yao S, Wang PH, Bai FR, Cao YH, Zhao T et al. 2022. Research on the inventory of microbial food cultures in Chinese traditional fermented foods (2nd edition). Food Ferment. Ind. 48:1272–85
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Ye Y, Nikovics K, To A, Lepiniec L, Fedosejevs ET et al. 2020. Docking of acetyl-CoA carboxylase to the plastid envelope membrane attenuates fatty acid production in plants. Nat. Commun. 11:6191
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Yu T, Zhou YJJ, Huang MT, Liu QL, Pereira R et al. 2018. Reprogramming yeast metabolism from alcoholic fermentation to lipogenesis. Cell 174:1549–58.e14
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Yurchenko O, Shockey JM, Gidda SK, Silver MI, Chapman KD et al. 2017. Engineering the production of conjugated fatty acids in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Biotechnol. J. 15:1010–23
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Zale J, Jung JH, Kim JY, Pathak B, Karan R et al. 2016. Metabolic engineering of sugarcane to accumulate energy-dense triacylglycerols in vegetative biomass. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14:661–69
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Zhang Y, Wu GC, Zhang YJ, Wang XG, Jin QZ et al. 2020. Advances in exogenous docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipids: sources, positional isomerism, biological activities, and advantages. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 19:1420–48
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Zheng P, Allen WB, Roesler K, Williams ME, Zhang S et al. 2008. A phenylalanine in DGAT is a key determinant of oil content and composition in maize. Nat. Genet. 40:367–72
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Zhou YJJ, Buijs NA, Zhu ZW, Qin JF, Siewers V, Nielsen J. 2016. Production of fatty acid-derived oleochemicals and biofuels by synthetic yeast cell factories. Nat. Commun. 7:11709
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Zorn K, Oroz-Guinea I, Brundiek H, Bornscheuer UT. 2016. Engineering and application of enzymes for lipid modification, an update. Prog. Lipid Res. 63:153–64
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353
Loading
Biotechnology in Future Food Lipids: Opportunities and Challenges
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 14, 225 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-024353
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error