1932

Abstract

The oil spill was the largest, longest-lasting, and deepest oil accident to date in US waters. As oil and natural gas jetted from release points at 1,500-m depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico, entrainment of the surrounding ocean water into a buoyant plume, rich in soluble hydrocarbons and dispersed microdroplets of oil, created a deep (1,000-m) intrusion layer. Larger droplets of liquid oil rose to the surface, forming a slick of mostly insoluble, hydrocarbon-type compounds. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms helped to transform, remove, and redisperse the oil and gas that was released. Biodegradation removed up to 60% of the oil in the intrusion layer but was less efficient in the surface slick, due to nutrient limitation. Photochemical processes altered up to 50% (by mass) of the floating oil. The surface oil expression changed daily due to wind and currents, whereas the intrusion layer flowed southwestward. A portion of the weathered surface oil stranded along shorelines. Oil from both surface and intrusion layers were deposited onto the seafloor via sinking marine oil snow. The biodegradation rates of stranded or sedimented oil were low, with resuspension and redistribution transiently increasing biodegradation. The subsequent research efforts increased our understanding of the fate of spilled oil immensely, with novel insights focusing on the importance of photooxidation, the microbial communities driving biodegradation, and the formation of marine oil snow that transports oil to the seafloor.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-032320-095153
2021-01-03
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/marine/13/1/annurev-marine-032320-095153.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-032320-095153&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aeppli C, Nelson RK, Radović JR, Carmichael CA, Valentine DL, Reddy CM 2014. Recalcitrance and degradation of petroleum biomarkers upon abiotic and biotic natural weathering of Deepwater Horizon oil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:6726–34
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aman ZM, Paris CB, May EF, Johns ML, Lindo-Atichati D 2015. High-pressure visual experimental studies of oil-in-water dispersion droplet size. Chem. Eng. Sci. 127:392–400
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnosti C, Ziervogel K, Yang T, Teske A 2016. Oil-derived marine aggregates – hot spots of polysaccharide degradation by specialized bacterial communities. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:179–86
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ashton BM, East RS, Walsh MM, Miles MS, Overton EB 2020. Studying and Verifying the Use of Chemical Biomarkers for Identifying and Quantitating Oil Residues in the Environment New Orleans, LA: US Dep. Interior Miner. Manag. Serv.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baelum J, Borglin S, Chakraborty R, Fortney JL, Lamendella R et al. 2012. Deep-sea bacteria enriched by oil and dispersant from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Environ. Microbiol. 14:2405–16
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Baguley J, Montagna P, Cooksey C, Hyland J, Bang H et al. 2015. Community response of deep-sea soft-sediment metazoan meiofauna to the Deepwater Horizon blowout and oil spill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 528:127–40
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Beaulieu SE, Sengco MR, Anderson DM 2005. Using clay to control harmful algal blooms: deposition and resuspension of clay/algal flocs. Harmful Algae 4:123–38
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bociu I, Shin B, Wells WB, Kostka JE, Konstantinidis KT, Huettel M 2019. Decomposition of sediment-oil-agglomerates in a Gulf of Mexico sandy beach. Sci. Rep. 9:10071
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Boufadel MC, Abdollahi-Nasab A, Geng X, Galt J, Torlapati J 2014. Simulation of the landfall of the Deepwater Horizon Oil on the shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:9496–505
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bracco A, Choi J, Joshi K, Luo H, McWilliams JC 2016. Submesoscale currents in the northern Gulf of Mexico: deep phenomena and dispersion over the continental slope. Ocean Model 101:43–58
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Brakstad OG, Nordtug T, Throne-Holst M 2015. Biodegradation of dispersed Macondo oil in seawater at low temperature and different oil droplet sizes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 93:144–52
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Burd AB, Chanton JP, Daly KL, Gilbert S, Passow U, Quigg A 2020. The science behind marine-oil snow and MOSSFA: past, present, and future. Prog. Oceanogr. 187:102398
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Camilli R, Reddy C, Yoerger D, Mooy BV, Jakuba M et al. 2010. Tracking hydrocarbon plume transport and biodegradation at Deepwater Horizon. Science 330:201–4
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Cardona Y, Bracco A. 2016. Predictability of mesoscale circulation throughout the water column in the Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:332–49
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chaeruh SK, Tazaki K, Asada R, Kogure K 2005. Interaction between clay minerals and hydrocarbon-utilizing indigenous microorganisms in high concentrations of heavy oil: implications for bioremediation. Clay Miner 40:105–14
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chanton JP, Cherrier J, Wilson RM, Sarkodee-Adoo J, Bosman S et al. 2012. Radiocarbon evidence that carbon from the Deepwater Horizon spill entered the planktonic food web of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Res. Lett. 7:045303
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chanton JP, Giering SLC, Bosman SH, Rogers KL, Sweet J et al. 2018. Isotopic composition of sinking particles: oil effects, recovery and baselines in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010–2015. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 6:43
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Chanton JP, Zhao T, Rosenheim BE, Joye S, Bosman S et al. 2015. Using natural abundance radiocarbon to trace the flux of petrocarbon to the seafloor following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49:847–54
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Chen L, Levine JS, Gilmer MW, Sloan ED, Koh CA, Sum AK 2014. Methane hydrate formation and dissociation on suspended gas bubbles in water. J. Chem. Eng. Data 59:1045–51
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Comm. Underst. Oil Spill Dispersants Effic. Effects 2005. Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Crespo-Medina M, Meile C, Hunter K, Diercks A, Asper V et al. 2014. The rise and fall of methanotrophy following a deepwater oil-well blowout. Nat. Geosci. 7:423–27
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Daly KL, Passow U, Chanton J, Hollander D 2016. Assessing the impacts of oil-associated marine snow formation and sedimentation during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Anthropocene 13:18–33
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Daly KL, Vaz AC, Paris CB 2020. Physical processes influencing the sedimentation and lateral transport of MOSSFA in the NE Gulf of Mexico. Scenarios and Responses to Future Deep Oil Spills S Murawski, C Ainsworth, S Gilbert, D Hollander, C Paris et al.300–14 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  24. de Gouw JA, Middlebrook AM, Warneke C, Ahmadov R, Atlas EL et al. 2011. Organic aerosol formation downwind from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Science 331:1295–99
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Diercks AR, Dike C, Asper VL, DiMarco SF, Chanton JP, Passow U 2018. Scales of seafloor sediment resuspension in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 6:32
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Diercks AR, Highsmith RC, Asper VL, Joung D, Zhou Z et al. 2010. Characterization of subsurface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the Deepwater Horizon site. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37:L20602
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dissanayake AL, Burd AB, Daly KL, Francis S, Passow U 2018. Numerical modeling of the interactions of oil, marine snow, and riverine sediments in the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 123:5388–405
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Doyle SM, Whitaker EA, De Pascuale V, Wade TL, Knap AH et al. 2018. Rapid formation of microbe-oil aggregates and changes in community composition in coastal surface water following exposure to oil and the dispersant Corexit. Front. Microbiol. 9:689
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Driskell WB, Payne JR. 2018. Macondo oil in northern Gulf of Mexico waters – part 2: dispersant-accelerated PAH dissolution in the Deepwater Horizon plume. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129:412–19
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Du M, Kessler JD. 2012. Assessment of the spatial and temporal variability of bulk hydrocarbon respiration following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:10499–507
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Duan J, Liu W, Zhao X, Han Y, O'Reilly SE, Zhao D 2018. Study of residual oil in Bay Jimmy sediment 5 years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: persistence of sediment retained oil hydrocarbons and effect of dispersants on desorption. Sci. Total Environ. 618:1244–53
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Dubinsky EA, Conrad ME, Chakraborty R, Bill M, Borglin SE et al. 2013. Succession of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47:10860–67
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Edwards B, Reddy C, Camilli R, Carmichael C, Longnecker K, Van Mooy B 2011. Rapid microbial respiration of oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill in offshore surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Res. Lett. 6:9
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Fisher CR, Hsing P-Y, Kaiser CL, Yoerger DR, Roberts HH et al. 2014. Footprint of Deepwater Horizon blowout impact to deep-water coral communities. PNAS 111:11744–49
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Francis S. 2020. Chlorophyll-a, Aqua MODIS, NPP, Gulf of Mexico, 2002-2012 (1 day composite). ERDDAP https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMGchla1day.graph
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Francis S, Passow U. 2019. Transport of dispersed oil compounds to the seafloor by sinking phytoplankton aggregates: a modeling study. Deep-Sea Res. I 156:103192
    [Google Scholar]
  37. French-McCay DP, Horn M, Li Z, Jayko K, Spaulding ML et al. 2018. Modeling distribution, fate, and concentrations of DeepwaterHorizon oil in subsurface waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Oil Spill Environmental Forensics Case Studies SA Stout, Z Wang 683–735 Oxford, UK: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Giering SLC, Yan B, Sweet J, Asper V, Diercks A et al. 2018. An ecosystem baseline of particle flux in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 6:264
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Girard F, Cruz R, Glickman O, Harpster T, Fisher CR 2019. In situ growth of deep-sea octocorals after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Elem. Sci Anthr. 7:12
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Girard F, Fisher CR. 2018. Long-term impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea corals detected after seven years of monitoring. Biol. Conserv. 225:11727
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Gong Y, Zhao X, Cai Z, O'Reilly SE, Hao X, Zhao D 2014. A review of oil, dispersed oil and sediment interactions in the aquatic environment: influence on the fate, transport and remediation of oil spills. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 79:1633
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Graham WM, Condon RH, Carmichael RH, D'Ambra I, Patterson HK et al. 2010. Oil carbon entered the coastal planktonic food web during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Res. Lett. 5:045301
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Gray JL, Kanagy LK, Furlong ET, Kanagy CJ, McCoy JW et al. 2014. Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Chemosphere 95:12430
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Gros J, Reddy C, Nelson R, Socolofsky S, Arey J 2016. Simulating gas–liquid–water partitioning and fluid properties of petroleum under pressure: implications for deep-sea blowouts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:739748
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Gros J, Socolofsky SA, Dissanayake AL, Jun I, Zhao L et al. 2017. Petroleum dynamics in the sea and influence of subsea dispersant injection during Deepwater Horizon. . PNAS 114:1006570
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Gustitus SA, Clement TP. 2017. Formation, fate, and impacts of microscopic and macroscopic oil-sediment residues in nearshore marine environments: a critical review. Rev. Geophys. 55:113057
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Gutierrez T, Teske A, Ziervogel K, Passow U, Quigg A 2018. Microbial exopolymers: sources, chemico-physiological properties, and ecosystem effects in the marine environment. Front. Microbiol. 9:1822
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Hastings DW, Schwing PT, Brooks GR, Larson RA, Morford JL et al. 2016. Changes in sediment redox conditions following the BP DWH blowout event. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:16778
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Hatcher PG, Obeid W, Wozniak AS, Xu C, Zhang S et al. 2018. Identifying oil/marine snow associations in mesocosm simulations of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill event using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 126:15965
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Hazen TC, Dubinsky EA, DeSantis TZ, Andersen GL, Piceno YM et al. 2010. Deep-sea oil plume enriches indigenous oil-degrading bacteria. Science 330:2048
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Head IM, Jones DM, Roling WFM 2006. Marine microorganisms make a meal of oil. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:17382
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Honda M, Suzuki N. 2020. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17:1363
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Hu P, Dubinsky EA, Probst AJ, Wang J, Sieber CMK et al. 2017. Simulation of Deepwater Horizon oil plume reveals substrate specialization within a complex community of hydrocarbon degraders. PNAS 114:743237
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P 2019. Beyond the obvious: environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Int. 123:54357
    [Google Scholar]
  55. John V, Arnosti C, Field J, Kujawinski E, McCormick A 2016. Oil spill remediation: fundamental concepts, rationale for use, fate, and transport issues. Oceanography 29:310817
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Joye SB. 2015. Deepwater Horizon, 5 years on. Science 349:59293
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Joye SB, Bracco A, Özgökmen TM, Chanton JP, Grosell M et al. 2016a. The Gulf of Mexico ecosystem, six years after the Macondo oil well blowout. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:419
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Joye SB, Kleindienst S, Gilbert JA, Handley K, Weisenhorn P et al. 2016b. Responses of microbial communities to hydrocarbon exposures. Oceanography 29:313649
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Joye SB, Kostka JE. 2020. Microbial genomics of the global ocean system Rep., Am. Soc. Microbiol Washington, DC: https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10502548.1
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Joye SB, MacDonald IR, Leifer I, Asper V 2011. Magnitude and oxidation potential of hydrocarbon gases released from the BP oil well blowout. Nat. Geosci. 4:16064
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Joye SB, Teske AP, Kostka JE 2014. Microbial dynamics following the Macondo oil well blowout across Gulf of Mexico environments. BioScience 64:76677
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Kessler JD, Valentine DL, Redmond MC, Du M, Chan EW et al. 2011. A persistent oxygen anomaly reveals the fate of spilled methane in the deep Gulf of Mexico. Science 331:31215
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Khelifa A, Fingas M, Brown C 2008. Effects of dispersants on oil-SPM aggregation and fate in US coastal waters Rep., Coast. Resp. Res. Cent Durham, NH:
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Kleindienst S, Grim S, Sogin M, Bracco A, Crespo-Medina M, Joye SB 2016. Diverse, rare microbial taxa responded to the Deepwater Horizon deep-sea hydrocarbon plume. ISME J 10:40015
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Kleindienst S, Paul JH, Joye SB 2015a. Using dispersants after oil spills: impacts on the composition and activity of microbial communities. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13:38896
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Kleindienst S, Seidel M, Ziervogel K, Grim S, Loftis K et al. 2015b. Chemical dispersants can suppress the activity of natural oil-degrading microorganisms. PNAS 112:149005
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Kolian SR, Porter SA, Sammarco PW, Birkholz D, Cake EW Jr, Subra WA 2015. Oil in the Gulf of Mexico after the capping of the BP/Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon (MC-252) well. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:1207382
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kostka JE, Joye SB, Overholt W, Bubenheim P, Hackbusch S et al. 2020a. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the deep sea. Deep Oil Spills: Facts, Fate, and Effects SA Murawski, CH Ainsworth, S Gilbert, DJ Hollander, CB Paris et al.10724 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kostka JE, Overholt WA, Rodriguez-R LM, Huettel M, Konstantinidis K 2020b. Toward a predictive understanding of the benthic microbial community response to oiling on the northern Gulf of Mexico Coast. Scenarios and Responses to Future Deep Oil Spills: Fighting the Next War SA Murawski, CH Ainsworth, S Gilbert, DJ Hollander, CB Paris et al.182202 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kourafalou VH, Androulidakis YS. 2013. Influence of Mississippi River induced circulation on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill transport. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118:382342
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kowalewska G, Konat J. 1997. Distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the southern Baltic Sea. Oceanologia 39:83104
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kujawinski EB, Kido Soule MC, Valentine DL, Boysen AK, Longnecker K, Redmond MC 2011. Fate of dispersants associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:1298306
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Lampitt RS, Hillier WR, Challenor PG 1993. Seasonal and diel variation in the open ocean concentration of marine snow aggregates. Nature 362:73739
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Larson RA, Brooks GR, Schwing PT, Holmes CW, Carter SR, Hollander DJ 2018. High-resolution investigation of event driven sedimentation: northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Anthropocene 24:4050
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Le Hénaff M, Kourafalou VH, Paris CB, Helgers J, Aman ZM et al. 2012. Surface evolution of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill patch: combined effects of circulation and wind-induced drift. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:726773
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Lee RF, Köster M, Paffenhöfer G-A 2012. Ingestion and defecation of dispersed oil droplets by pelagic tunicates. J. Plankton Res. 34:105863
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Lehr B, Bristol S, Possolo A 2010. Oil budget calculator: Deepwater Horizon Rep., Coast. Resp. Res. Cent Durham, NH: http://www.restorethegulf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/OilBudgetCalc_Full_HQ-Print_111110.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Lewis CG, Ricker RW. 2020. Overview of ecological impacts of deep spills: Deepwater Horizon. Deep Oil Spills: Facts, Fate, and Effects SA Murawski, CH Ainsworth, S Gilbert, DJ Hollander, CB Paris et al.34454 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Li Z, Spaulding ML, French-McCay D 2017. An algorithm for modeling entrainment and naturally and chemically dispersed oil droplet size distribution under surface breaking. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 119:14552
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Liu G, Bracco A, Passow U 2018. The influence of mesoscale and submesoscale circulation on sinking particles in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 6:36
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Liu Z, Liu J, Zhu Q, Wu W 2012. The weathering of oil after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: insights from the chemical composition of the oil from the sea surface, salt marshes and sediments. Environ. Res. Lett. 7:035302
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Luo H, Bracco A, Cardona Y, McWilliams JC 2016. Submesoscale circulation in the northern Gulf of Mexico: surface processes and the impact of the freshwater river input. Ocean Model 101:6882
    [Google Scholar]
  83. MacDonald IR. 2010. Deepwater disaster: how the oil spill estimates got it wrong. Significance 7:14954
    [Google Scholar]
  84. MacDonald IR, Garcia-Pineda O, Beet A, Daneshgar Asl S, Feng L et al. 2015. Natural and unnatural oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120:836480
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Malone K, Aman ZM, Pesch S, Schlueter M, Krause D 2020. Jet formation at the spill site and resulting droplet size distribution. Deep Oil Spills: Facts, Fate, and Effects SA Murawski, CH Ainsworth, S Gilbert, DJ Hollander, CB Paris et al.4364 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  86. McGenity TJ, Folwell BD, McKew BA, Sanni GO 2012. Marine crude-oil biodegradation: a central role for interspecies interactions. Aquat. Biosyst. 8:10
    [Google Scholar]
  87. McNutt MK, Camilli R, Crone TJ, Guthrie GD, Hsieh PA et al. 2012. Review of flow rate estimates of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PNAS 109:2026067
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Mitra S, Kimmel DG, Snyder J, Scalise K, McGlaughon BD et al. 2012. Macondo-1 well oil-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mesozooplankton from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39:L01605
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Montagna P, Baguley J, Cooksey C, Hartwell I, Hyde LJ et al. 2013. Deep-sea benthic footprint of the Deepwater Horizon blowout. PLOS ONE 8:e70540
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Murawski SA, Hogarth WT, Peebles EB, Barbeiri L 2014. Prevalence of external skin lesions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Gulf of Mexico fishes, post-Deepwater Horizon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 143:108497
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Natl. Acad. Eng. Sci. Med 2019. The use of dispersants in marine oil spill response Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Nixon Z, Zengel S, Baker M, Steinhoff M, Fricano G et al. 2016. Shoreline oiling from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 107:17078
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Omarova M, Swientoniewski LT, Mkam Tsengam IK, Blake DA, John V et al. 2019. Biofilm formation by hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacteria and its effects on oil dispersion. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7:1449099
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Omotoso OE, Munoz VA, Mikula RJ 2002. Mechanisms of crude oil-mineral interactions. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 8:4554
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Orcutt BN, Lapham LL, Delaney JM, Sarode N, Marshall KS et al. 2017. Microbial response to oil enrichment in Gulf of Mexico sediment measured using a novel long-term benthic lander system. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 5:18
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Özgökmen TM, Chassignet EP, Dawson CN, Dukhovskoy D, Jacobs G et al. 2016. Over what area did the oil and gas spread during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ? Oceanography 29:396107
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Parsons ML, Turner RE, Overton EB 2014. Sediment-preserved diatom assemblages can distinguish a petroleum activity signal separately from the nutrient signal of the Mississippi River in coastal Louisiana. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 85:16471
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Passow U. 2016. Formation of rapidly-sinking, oil-associated marine snow. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:23240
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Passow U, Stout SA. 2020. Character and sedimentation of “lingering” Macondo oil to the deep-sea after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar. Chem. 218:103733
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Passow U, Sweet J, Francis S, Xu C, Dissanayake AL et al. 2019. Incorporation of oil into diatom aggregates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 612:6586
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Passow U, Sweet J, Quigg A 2017. How the dispersant Corexit impacts the formation of sinking marine oil snow. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 125:13945
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Passow U, Ziervogel K. 2016. Marine snow sedimented oil released during the Deepwater Horizon spill. Oceanography 29:311825
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Passow U, Ziervogel K, Asper V, Diercks A 2012. Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Res. Lett. 7:11
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Payne JR, Driskell WB. 2018. Macondo oil in northern Gulf of Mexico waters – part 1: assessments and forensic methods for Deepwater Horizon offshore water samples. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129:399411
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Perkins MJ, Joye SB, Field JA 2016. Selective quantification of DOSS in marine sediment and sediment-trap solids by LC-QTOF-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409:97178
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Prince RC, Butler JD, Redman AD 2017. The rate of crude oil biodegradation in the sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51:127884
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Prince RC, Elmendorf DL, Lute JR, Hsu CS, Haith CE et al. 1994. 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane as a conserved internal marker for estimating the biodegradation of crude oil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:14245
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Prince RC, Walters CC. 2007. Biodegradation of oil and its implications for source identification. Oil Spill Environmental Forensics Z Wang, SA Stout 34979 Burlington, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Quintana-Rizzo E, Torres JJ, Ross SW, Romero I, Watson K et al. 2015. δ13C and δ15N in deep-living fishes and shrimps after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 94:24150
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Reddy CM, Arey JS, Seewald JS, Sylva SP, Lemkau KL et al. 2011. Composition and fate of gas and oil released to the water column during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PNAS 109:2022934
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Redmond MC, Valentine DL. 2011. Natural gas and temperature structured a microbial community response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PNAS 109:2029297
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Romero I, Schwing P, Brooks G, Larson R, Hastings D et al. 2015. Hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. PLOS ONE 10:e0128371
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Romero I, Toro-Farmer G, Diercks A-R, Schwing P, Muller-Karger F et al. 2017. Large-scale deposition of weathered oil in the Gulf of Mexico following a deep-water oil spill. Environ. Pollut. 228:17989
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Rouhani S, Baker M, Steinhoff M, Zhang M, Oehrig J et al. 2017. Nearshore exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 576:11124
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Ryerson TB, Aikin KC, Angevine WM, Atlas EL, Blake DR et al. 2011. Atmospheric emissions from the Deepwater Horizon spill constrain air-water partitioning, hydrocarbon fate, and leak rate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38:L07803
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Ryerson TB, Camilli R, Kessler JD, Kujawinski EB, Reddy CM et al. 2012. Chemical data quantify Deepwater Horizon hydrocarbon flow rate and environmental distribution. PNAS 109:2024653
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Schwing PT, O'Malley BJ, Hollander DJ 2018. Resilience of benthic foraminifera in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon event (2011–2015). Ecol. Indic. 84:75364
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Schwing PT, Romero IC, Brooks GR, Hastings DW, Larson RA, Hollander DJ 2015. A decline in benthic foraminifera following the Deepwater Horizon event in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. PLOS ONE 10:e0128505
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Sengco MR, Anderson DM. 2004. Controlling harmful algal blooms through clay flocculation. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51:16972
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Shiller AM, Chan EW, Joung DJ, Redmond MC, Kessler JD 2017. Light rare earth element depletion during Deepwater Horizon blowout methanotrophy. Sci. Rep. 7:10389
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Smith CR, Rowles TK, Hart LB, Townsend FI, Wells RS et al. 2017. Slow recovery of Barataria Bay dolphin health following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2013–2014), with evidence of persistent lung disease and impaired stress response. Endanger. Species Res. 33:12742
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Snyder SM, Pulster EL, Wetzel DL, Murawski SA 2015. PAH exposure in Gulf of Mexico demersal fishes, post-Deepwater Horizon. Environ. Sci. Technol 49:878695
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Spier C, Stringfellow WT, Hazen TC, Conrad M 2013. Distribution of hydrocarbons released during the 2010 MC252 oil spill in deep offshore waters. Environ. Pollut. 173:22430
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Stoffyn-Egli P, Lee K. 2002. Formation and characterization of oil-mineral aggregates. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 8:3144
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Stout SA, German CR. 2018. Characterization and flux of marine oil snow settling toward the seafloor in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon incident: evidence for input from surface oil and impact on shallow shelf sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129:695713
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Stout SA, Payne JR. 2017. Footprint, weathering, and persistence of synthetic-base drilling mud olefins in deep-sea sediments following the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 118:32840
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Stout SA, Payne JR, Emsbo-Mattingly SD, Baker G 2016. Weathering of field-collected floating and stranded Macondo oils during and shortly after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 105:722
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Stout SA, Rouhani S, Liu B, Oehrig J, Ricker RW et al. 2017. Assessing the footprint and volume of oil deposited in deep-sea sediments following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 114:327–42
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Sun X, Kostka JE. 2019. Hydrocarbon-degrading microbial communities are site specific, and their activity is limited by synergies in temperature and nutrient availability in surface ocean waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 85:e00443–19
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Turner RE, Rabalais NN, Overton EB, Meyer BM, McClenachan G et al. 2019. Oiling of the continental shelf and coastal marshes over eight years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Pollut. 252:136776
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Valentine DL, Fisher GB, Bagby SC, Nelson RK, Reddy CM et al. 2014. Fallout plume of submerged oil from Deepwater Horizon. . PNAS 111:1590611
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Valentine DL, Kessler JD, Redmond MC, Mendes SD, Heintz MB et al. 2010. Propane respiration jump-starts microbial response to a deep oil spill. Science 330:20811
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Valentine DL, Mezić I, Maćešić S, Črnjarić-Žic N, Ivić S et al. 2012. Dynamic autoinoculation and the microbial ecology of a deep water hydrocarbon irruption. PNAS 109:2028691
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Ventikos NP, Vergetis E, Psaraftis HN, Triantafyllou G 2004. A high-level synthesis of oil spill response equipment and countermeasures. J. Hazard. Mater. 107:5158
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Wang J, Sandoval K, Ding Y, Stoeckel D, Minard-Smith A et al. 2016. Biodegradation of dispersed Macondo crude oil by indigenous Gulf of Mexico microbial communities. Sci. Total Environ. 557–58:45368
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Ward CP, Sharpless CM, Valentine DL, French-McCay DP, Aeppli C et al. 2018. Partial photochemical oxidation was a dominant fate of Deepwater Horizon surface oil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52:1797805
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Washburn TW, Reuscher MG, Montagna PA, Cooksey C, Hyland JL 2017. Macrobenthic community structure in the deep Gulf of Mexico one year after the Deepwater Horizon blowout. Deep-Sea Res. I 127:21–30
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Weisberg RH, Zheng L, Liu Y, Murawski S, Hu C, Paul J 2016. Did Deepwater Horizon hydrocarbons transit to the west Florida continental shelf. ? Deep-Sea Res. II 129:25972
    [Google Scholar]
  139. White HK, Lyons SL, Harrison SJ, Findley DM, Liu Y, Kujawinski EB 2014. Long-term persistence of dispersants following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1:29599
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Wilson RM, Cherrier J, Sarkodee-Adoo J, Bosman S, Mickle A, Chanton JP 2016. Tracing the intrusion of fossil carbon into coastal Louisiana macrofauna using natural 14C and 13C abundances. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:8995
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Wirth M, Passow U, Jeschek J, Hand I, Schulz-Bull DE 2018. Partitioning of oil compounds into marine oil snow: insights into prevailing mechanisms and dispersant effects. Mar. Chem. 206:6273
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Yan B, Passow U, Chanton JP, Nöthig E-M, Asper V et al. 2016. Sustained deposition of contaminants from the Deepwater Horizon spill. PNAS 113:E3332–40
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Yang T, Nigro LM, Gutierrez T, D'Ambrosio L, Joye SB et al. 2016a. Pulsed blooms and persistent oil-degrading bacterial populations in the water column during and after the Deepwater Horizon blowout. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:28291
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Yang T, Speare K, McKay L, MacGregor BJ, Joye SB, Teske A 2016b. Distinct bacterial communities in surficial seafloor sediments following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout. Front. Microbiol. 7:1384
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Zeinstra-Helfrich M, Koops W, Murk AJ 2015. The NET effect of dispersants—a critical review of testing and modelling of surface oil dispersion. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100:10211
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Zhao L, Boufadel MC, Adams E, Socolofsky SA, King T et al. 2015. Simulation of scenarios of oil droplet formation from the Deepwater Horizon blowout. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 101:30419
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Ziervogel K, Dike C, Asper V, Montoya J, Battles J et al. 2016a. Enhanced particle fluxes and heterotrophic bacterial activities in Gulf of Mexico bottom waters following storm-induced sediment resuspension. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:7788
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Ziervogel K, Joye SB, Arnosti C 2016b. Microbial enzymatic activity and secondary production in sediments affected by the sedimentation pulse following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Deep-Sea Res. II 129:24148
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Ziervogel K, McKay L, Rhodes B, Osburn C, Dickson-Brown J et al. 2012. Microbial activities and dissolved organic matter dynamics in oil-contaminated surface seawater from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site. PLOS ONE 7:e34816
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-032320-095153
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-032320-095153
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error