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Until recently, the deep continental margins (200–4,000 m) were perceived as monotonous mud slopes of limited ecological or environmental concern. Progress in seafloor mapping and direct observation now reveals unexpected heterogeneity, with a mosaic of habitats and ecosystems linked to geomorphological, geochemical, and hydrographic features that influence biotic diversity. Interactions among water masses, terrestrial inputs, sediment diagenesis, and tectonic activity create a multitude of ecological settings supporting distinct communities that populate canyons and seamounts, high-stress oxygen minimum zones, and methane seeps, as well as vast reefs of cold corals and sponges. This high regional biodiversity is fundamental to the production of valuable fisheries, energy, and mineral resources, and performs critical ecological services (nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, nursery and habitat support). It is under significant threat from climate change and human resource extraction activities. Serious actions are required to preserve the functions and services provided by the deep-sea settings we are just now getting to know.
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Download Supplemental Appendices 1-2 as a PDF. Download Supplemental Figures 1-12 as a PDF. Authors' Note: The supplemental materials provide a brief description of historical events (Supplemental Appendix 1) and of needs for theory (Supplemental Appendix 2) relevant to margin biodiversity. They also
provide a series of figures and pictures (Supplemental Figures 1-12) that illustrate key features and concepts relating margin heterogeneity to biodiversity. The wondrous diversity on margins cannot be appreciated without visualization.