Migration Out of Rural Areas and Implications for Rural Livelihoods

Literature Cited

1. Abramitzky R, Boustan L, Eriksson K 2012. Europe's tired, poor, huddled masses: self-selection and economic outcomes in the age of mass migration. Am. Econ. Rev. 102:51832–56
   [Google Scholar]
2. Acemoglu D. 1998. Directed technical change and wage inequality. Q. J. Econ. 113:41055–89
   [Google Scholar]
3. Adamopolous T, Brandt L, Leight J, Restuccia D 2017. Misallocation, selection and productivity: a quantitative analysis with panel data from China NBER Work. Pap 23039
   [Google Scholar]
4. Akram AA, Chowdhury S, Mobarak AM 2017. Effects of emigration on rural labor markets NBER Work. Pap 23929
   [Google Scholar]
5. Ambler K, Aycinena D, Yang D 2015. Channeling remittances to education: a field experiment among migrants in El Salvador. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 7:2207–32
   [Google Scholar]
6. Andersson D, Karadja M, Prawitz E 2017. Mass migration, cheap labor, and induced innovation Work. Pap. Uppsala Univ.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Angrist J, Krueger A. 2001. Instrumental variables and the search for identification: from supply and demand to natural experiments. J. Econ. Perspect. 15:469–85
   [Google Scholar]
8. Antman F. 2012. Gender, educational attainment, and the impact of parental migration on children left behind. J. Popul. Econ. 25:41187–214
   [Google Scholar]
9. Antman F. 2013. The impact of migration on family left behind. International Handbook on the Economics of Migration KF Zimmerman, A Constant 293–308 Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar
   [Google Scholar]
10. Antman F. 2015. Gender discrimination in the allocation of migrant household resources. J. Popul. Econ. 28:3565–92
    [Google Scholar]
11. Arslan A, Taylor JE. 2012. Transforming rural economies: migration, income generation, and inequality in rural Mexico. J. Dev. Stud. 48:81156–76
    [Google Scholar]
12. Au CC, Henderson V. 2006a. Are Chinese cities too small. Rev. Econ. Stud. 73:3549–76
    [Google Scholar]
13. Au CC, Henderson V. 2006b. How migration restrictions limit agglomeration and productivity in China. J. Dev. Econ. 80:2350–88
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bazzi S, Gaduh A, Rothenberg A, Wong M 2016. Skill transferability, migration, and development: evidence from a resettlement program in Indonesia. Am. Econ. Rev. 106:92658–98
    [Google Scholar]
15. Beintema N, Stads GJ. 2011. African agricultural R&D in the new millenium: progress for some, challenges for many Policy Rep. 24 IFPRI Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
16. Bell M, Charles-Edwards E. 2013. Cross-national comparisons of internal migration: an update of global patterns and trends Tech. Pap. 2013/1 UN Dep. Econ. Soc. Aff., UN New York: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/technical/TP2013-1.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
17. Binswanger H, Rosenzweig M. 1986. Behavioural and material determinants of production relations in agriculture. J. Dev. Stud. 22:3503–39
    [Google Scholar]
18. Böhme M. 2015. Does migration raise agricultural investment? An empirical analysis for rural Mexico. Agric. Econ. 46:2211–25
    [Google Scholar]
19. Bohra-Mishra P, Oppenheimer M, Hsiang SM 2014. Nonlinear permanent migration response to climatic variations but minimal response to disasters. PNAS 111:279780–85
    [Google Scholar]
20. Bryan G, Chowdhury S, Mobarak AM 2014. Under-investment in a profitable technology: the case of seasonal migration in Bangladesh. Econometrica 82:51671–748
    [Google Scholar]
21. Bryan G, Morten M. 2017. The aggregate productivity effects of internal migration: evidence from Indonesia NBER Work. Pap 23540
    [Google Scholar]
22. Carletto C, Covarrubias K, Maluccio J 2011. Migration and child growth in rural Guatemala. Food Policy 36:116–27
    [Google Scholar]
23. Carrington W, Detragiache E, Vishnawath T 1996. Migration with endogenous moving costs. Am. Econ. Rev. 86:4909–30
    [Google Scholar]
24. Chen J. 2006. Migration and imperfect monitoring: implications for intra-household allocation. Am. Econ. Rev. 96:2227–31
    [Google Scholar]
25. Chernina E, Dower PC, Markevich A 2014. Property rights, land liquidity, and internal migration. J. Dev. Econ. 110:191–215
    [Google Scholar]
26. Clarke G, Wallsten S. 2003. Do remittances act like insurance? Evidence from a natural disaster in Jamaica Work. Pap. Texas A&M Univ., College Station
    [Google Scholar]
27. de Brauw A. 2010. Seasonal migration and agricultural production in Vietnam. J. Dev. Stud. 46:1114–39
    [Google Scholar]
28. de Brauw A, Carletto C 2012. Improving the measurement and policy relevance of migration information in multi-topic household surveys Work. Pap. World Bank Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
29. de Brauw A, Giles J 2017. Migrant opportunity and the educational attainment of youth in rural China. J. Hum. Resourc. 52:1272–311
    [Google Scholar]
30. de Brauw A, Giles J 2018. Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: evidence from China. World Bank Econ. Rev. 32:11–18
    [Google Scholar]
31. de Brauw A, Huang JK, Rozelle S, Zhang LX 2013. Feminization of agriculture with Chinese characteristics. J. Dev. Stud. 49:5689–704
    [Google Scholar]
32. de Brauw A, Mueller V 2012. Do limitations in land rights transferability influence low mobility rates in Ethiopia. J. Afr. Econ. 21:4548–79
    [Google Scholar]
33. de Brauw A, Mueller V, Lee HK 2014. The role of rural-urban migration in the structural transformation of sub-Saharan Africa. World Dev 63:33–42
    [Google Scholar]
34. de Janvry A, Emerick K, Gonzalez-Navarro M, Sadoulet E 2015. Delinking land rights from land use: certification and migration in Mexico. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:103125–49
    [Google Scholar]
35. Deininger K, Feder G. 2009. Land registration, governance, and development: evidence and implications for policy. World Bank Res. Obs. 24:2233–66
    [Google Scholar]
36. Deininger K, Jin SQ. 2005. The potential of land rental markets in the process of economic development: evidence from China. J. Dev. Econ. 78:1241–70
    [Google Scholar]
37. Deininger K, Jin SQ. 2009. Land rental markets in the process of rural structural transformation: productivity and equity impacts from China. J. Comp. Econ. 37:4629–46
    [Google Scholar]
38. Dercon S, de Weerdt J, Bold T, Pankhurst A 2006. Group based funeral insurance in Ethiopia and Tanzania. World Dev 34:4685–703
    [Google Scholar]
39. Dinkelman T, Kumchulesi G, Mariotti M 2017. Labor migration, capital accumulation, and the structure of rural labor markets Work. Pap., Univ Notre Dame, IN:
    [Google Scholar]
40. Dinkelman T, Mariotti M. 2016. The long-run effects of labor migration on human capital formation in communities of origin. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 8:41–35
    [Google Scholar]
41. Do QT, Iyer L. 2008. Land titling and rural transition in Vietnam. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 56:3531–79
    [Google Scholar]
42. Dustmann C, Farani F, Meng X, Manale L 2017. Risk attitudes and household migration decisions IZA Discuss. Pap. 10603
    [Google Scholar]
43. Dustmann C, Glitz A. 2011. Migration and education. Handbook of the Economics of Education 4 E Hanushek, S Machin, L Woessmann 327–41 New York: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
44. FAO (Food Agric. Organ.) 2018. The State of Food and Agriculture. Migration, Agriculture, and Rural Development. Rome: FAO
    [Google Scholar]
45. Feder G, Feeny D. 1991. Land tenure and property rights: theory and implications for development policy. World Bank Econ. Rev. 5:1135–53
    [Google Scholar]
46. Foster A, Rosenzweig M. 2008. Economic development and the decline of agricultural employment. Handbook of Development Economics 4 TP Schultz, J Strauss 3052–84 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
47. Garip F. 2014. The impact of migration and remittances on wealth accumulation and distribution in rural Thailand. Demography 51:2673–98
    [Google Scholar]
48. Gibson J, McKenzie D. 2014. The development impact of a best practice seasonal worker policy. Rev. Econ. Stat. 96:2229–43
    [Google Scholar]
49. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S 2011a. The impacts of international migration on remaining household members: omnibus results from a migration lottery program. Rev. Econ. Stat. 93:41297–318
    [Google Scholar]
50. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S 2011b. What happens to diet and child health when migration splits households? Evidence from a migration lottery program. Food Policy 36:17–15
    [Google Scholar]
51. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S 2013. Accounting for selectivity and duration-dependent heterogeneity when estimating the impact of emigration on incomes and poverty in sending areas. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 61:2247–80
    [Google Scholar]
52. Giles J. 2006. Is life more risky in the open? Household risk-coping and the opening of China's labor markets. J. Dev. Econ. 81:125–60
    [Google Scholar]
53. Giles J, Mu R. 2018. Village political economy, land tenure insecurity, and the rural to urban migration decision: evidence from China. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 100:2521–44
    [Google Scholar]
54. Gollin D. 2014. The Lewis model: a 60-year retrospective. J. Econ. Perspect. 28:371–88
    [Google Scholar]
55. Gollin D, Lagakos D, Waugh M 2014. The agricultural productivity gap. Q. J. Econ. 129:2939–93
    [Google Scholar]
56. Groh M, Krishman N, McKenzie D, Vishnawath T 2016. The impact of soft skills training on female youth employment: evidence from a randomized experiment in Jordan. IZA J. Lab. Dev. 5:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40175-016-0055-9
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
57. Gubert F. 2002. Do migrants insure those who stay behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area. Oxf. Dev. Stud. 30:3267–87
    [Google Scholar]
58. Harris JL, Todaro M. 1970. Migration, unemployment, and development: a two sector model. Am. Econ. Rev. 60:1126–42
    [Google Scholar]
59. Hayami Y, Ruttan VW. 1970. Factor prices and technical change in agricultural development: The United States and Japan, 1880–1960. J. Political Econ. 78:51115–41
    [Google Scholar]
60. Hicks JH, Kleemans M, Li M, Miguel E 2017. Reevaluating agricultural productivity gaps with longitudinal microdata NBER Work. Pap. 23253
    [Google Scholar]
61. Hicks JR. 1932. The Theory of Wages London: Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
62. Hoddinott J, Maluccio JA, Behrman JR, Flores R, Martorell R 2008. Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity of Guatemalan adults. Lancet 371:9610411–16
    [Google Scholar]
63. Hornbeck R, Naidu S. 2014. When the levee breaks: black migration and economic development in the American South. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:3963–90
    [Google Scholar]
64. Ibarraran P, Ripani L, Taboada B, Villa JM, Garcia B 2014. Life skills, employability, and training for disadvantaged youth: evidence from a randomized evaluation design. IZA J. Lab. Dev. 3:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-3-10
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
65. Ibhawoh B, Dibua JI. 2003. Deconstructing Ujamaa: the legacy of Julius Nyerere in the quest for social and economic development in Africa. Afr. J. Political Sci. 8:159–83
    [Google Scholar]
66. Imbert C, Papp J. 2017. Migration, rural public works and urban labor markets: evidence from India Work. Pap., Univ. Warwick, UK:
    [Google Scholar]
67. Jacoby H, Li G, Rozelle S 2002. Hazards of expropriation: tenure insecurity and investment in rural China. Am. Econ. Rev. 92:51420–47
    [Google Scholar]
68. Jalan J, Ravallion M. 2002. Geographic poverty traps? A micro model of consumption growth in rural China. J. Appl. Econom. 17:4329–46
    [Google Scholar]
69. Jayachandran S. 2006. Selling labor low: wage responses to productivity shocks in developing countries. J. Political Econ. 114:538–75
    [Google Scholar]
70. Jensen N, Barrett C. 2017. Agricultural index insurance for development. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 39:2199–219
    [Google Scholar]
71. Jessoe K, Manning DT, Taylor JE 2017. Climate change and labour allocation in rural Mexico: evidence from annual fluctuations in weather. Econ. J. 128:230–61
    [Google Scholar]
72. Katz E, Stark O. 1986. Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries. J. Lab. Econ. 4:1134–49
    [Google Scholar]
73. Kosack E. 2016. Guest worker programs and human capital investment: the Bracero Program in Mexico, 1942–1964 Work. Pap., Xavier Univ. Cincinnati, OH:
    [Google Scholar]
74. Kveder CM, Beauchemin C. 2015. The role of international migration experience for investment at home: direct, indirect, and equalising effects in Senegal. Popul. Space Place 21:6535–52
    [Google Scholar]
75. Lagakos D, Waugh M. 2013. Selection, agriculture, and cross-country productivity differences. Am. Econ. Rev. 103:2948–80
    [Google Scholar]
76. Lewis WA. 1954. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor. Manchester Sch 22:2139–91
    [Google Scholar]
77. Lipton M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in Development Canberra: Aust. Natl. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
78. Lipton M. 1980. Migration from rural areas of poor countries: the impact on rural productivity and income distribution. World Dev 8:11–24
    [Google Scholar]
79. Lucas REB. 1987. Emigration to South Africa's mines. Am. Econ. Rev. 77:3313–30
    [Google Scholar]
80. Mallee H. 1995. China's household registration system under reform. Dev. Change 26:11–29
    [Google Scholar]
81. McCullough E. 2017. Labor productivity and employment gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy 67:133–52
    [Google Scholar]
82. McKenzie D. 2017. How effective are active labor market policies in developing countries? A critical review of recent evidence. World Bank Res. Obs. 32:2127–54
    [Google Scholar]
83. McKenzie D, Gibson J, Stillman S 2010. How important is selection? Experimental versus non-experimental measures of the gains from migration. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 8:4913–45
    [Google Scholar]
84. McKenzie D, Rapoport H. 2011. Can migration reduce educational attainment? Evidence from Mexico. J. Popul. Econ. 24:41331–58
    [Google Scholar]
85. Mendola M. 2008. Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes. J. Dev. Econ. 85:1–2150–75
    [Google Scholar]
86. Mendola M, Carletto C. 2009. International migration and gender differentials in the home labor market: evidence from Albania World Bank Policy Res Work. Pap. 4900
    [Google Scholar]
87. Miluka J, Carletto C, Davis B, Zezza A 2010. The vanishing farms? The impact of international migration on Albanian family farming. J. Dev. Stud. 46:1140–61
    [Google Scholar]
88. Morten M. 2019. Temporary migration and endogenous risk sharing in village India. J. Political Econ. 127:1–46
    [Google Scholar]
89. Mu R, de Brauw A 2015. Unattended but not undernourished: left-behind children in rural China. J. Popul. Econ. 28:3631–57
    [Google Scholar]
90. Mu R, van de Walle D 2011. Left behind to farm? Women's labor reallocation in rural China. Lab. Econ. 18:S83–97
    [Google Scholar]
91. Mueller V, Gray C, Kosec K 2014. Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan. Nat. Clim. Change 4:3182–85
    [Google Scholar]
92. Mueller V, Kovarik C, Sproule K, Quisumbing A 2015. Migration, gender, and farming systems in Asia: Evidence, data, and knowledge gaps Discuss. Pap. 1458 IFPRI Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
93. Munshi K. 2003. Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the U.S. labor market. Q. J. Econ. 118:2549–99
    [Google Scholar]
94. Munshi K, Rosenzweig M. 2016. Networks and misallocation: insurance, migration and the rural-urban wage gap. Am. Econ. Rev. 106:146–98
    [Google Scholar]
95. Nguyen CV. 2016. Does parental migration really benefit left-behind children? Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. Soc. Sci. Med. 153:230–39
    [Google Scholar]
96. Oldekop J, Sims KRE, Whittingham MJ, Agarwal A 2018. An upside to globalization: international outmigration drives reforestation in Nepal. Glob. Environ. Change 52:66–74
    [Google Scholar]
97. Olmstead A, Rhode PW. 2011. Responding to climatic challenges: lessons from US agricultural development. The Economics of Climate Change: Adaptations Past and Present GD Libecap, RH Steckel 169–94 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
98. Osili UO. 2004. Migrants and housing investments: theory and evidence from Nigeria. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 52:4821–49
    [Google Scholar]
99. Pan Y. 2017. The impact of removing selective migration restrictions on education: evidence from China. J. Hum. Resourc. 52:3859–85
    [Google Scholar]
100. Pritchett L. 2006. Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility Washington, DC: Cent. Glob. Dev.
     [Google Scholar]
101. Quisumbing A, McNiven S. 2010. Moving forward, looking back: the impact of migration and remittances on assets, consumption, and credit constraints in the rural Philippines. J. Dev. Stud. 46:191–113
     [Google Scholar]
102. Ranis G, Fei JCH. 1961. A theory of economic development. Am. Econ. Rev. 51:4533–65
     [Google Scholar]
103. Restuccia D, Yang DT, Zhu XD 2008. Agriculture and aggregate productivity: a quantitative cross-country analysis. J. Monet. Econ. 55:2234–50
     [Google Scholar]
104. Rizzica L. 2018. When the cat's away: the effects of spousal migration on investments in children. World Bank Econ. Rev. 32:185–108
     [Google Scholar]
105. Rosenzweig M, Udry C. 2014. Rainfall forecasts, weather, and wages in the agricultural cycle. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:5278–83
     [Google Scholar]
106. Rozelle S, Taylor JE, de Brauw A 1999. Migration, remittances, and agricultural productivity in China. Am. Econ. Rev. 89:2287–91
     [Google Scholar]
107. Skeldon R. 1997. Migration and Development: A Global Perspective London: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
108. Slavacheska V, Kaaria S, Taivalmaa SL 2016. Feminization of agriculture in the context of rural transformations: What is the evidence? Rep. ACS20815 World Bank Washington, DC:
     [Google Scholar]
109. Stampini M, Davis B. 2009. Does nonagricultural labor relax farmers’ credit constraints? Evidence from longitudinal data for Vietnam. Agric. Econ. 40:2177–88
     [Google Scholar]
110. Stark O. 1991. The Migration of Labor Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell
     [Google Scholar]
111. Stark O, Bloom D. 1985. The new economics of labor migration. Am. Econ. Rev. 75:2173–78
     [Google Scholar]
112. Stark O, Levhari D. 1982. On migration and risk in LDCs. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 31:1191–96
     [Google Scholar]
113. Taylor JE, Dyer G. 2009. Migration and the sending economy: a disaggregated rural economy-wide analysis. J. Dev. Stud. 45:6966–89
     [Google Scholar]
114. Taylor JE, Lopez-Feldman A. 2010. Does migration make rural households more productive? Evidence from Mexico. J. Dev. Stud. 46:168–90
     [Google Scholar]
115. Taylor JE, Martin P. 2001. Human capital: migration and rural population change. Handbook of Agricultural Economics 1 B Gardner, G. Rausser 459–511 Amsterdam: North Holland
     [Google Scholar]
116. Taylor JE, Rozelle S, de Brauw A 2003. Migration and incomes in source communities: a new economics of migration perspective from China. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 52:175–101
     [Google Scholar]
117. Theoharides C. 2018. Manila to Malaysia, Quezon to Qatar: international migration and its effects on origin-country human capital. J. Hum. Resourc. 53:41022–49
     [Google Scholar]
118. Valsecchi M. 2014. Land property rights and international migration: evidence from Mexico. J. Dev. Econ. 110:276–90
     [Google Scholar]
119. World Bank 2018. World Development Indicators Washington, DC: World Bank https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators
     [Google Scholar]
120. Yang D. 2008. International migration, remittances, and household investment: evidence from Philippine migrants’ exchange rate shocks. Econ. J. 118:528591–630
     [Google Scholar]
121. Yang D. 2011. Migrant remittances. J. Econ. Perspect. 25:3129–52
     [Google Scholar]
122. Yang D, Choi HJ. 2007. Are remittances insurance? Evidence from rainfall shocks in the Philippines. World Bank Econ. Rev. 21:2219–48
     [Google Scholar]
123. Young A. 2013. Inequality, the rural-urban gap, and migration. Q. J. Econ. 128:1727–85
     [Google Scholar]
124. Yue A, Sylvia S, Bau Y, Shi YJ, Luo RF, Rozelle S 2016. The effect of maternal migration on early childhood development in rural China Work. Pap. Shaanxi Normal Univ.
     [Google Scholar]
125. Zhang HL, Behrman J, Fan CS, Wei XD, Zhang JS 2014. Does parental absence reduce cognitive achievements? Evidence from rural China. J. Dev. Econ. 111:181–95
     [Google Scholar]