1932

Abstract

Food value chains (FVCs) in developing countries are transforming rapidly, with some regions in the modern stage (led by supermarkets and large processors) and other regions in a transitional stage (led by midstream small and medium enterprises). With transformation, however, come market-performance issues related to monopoly and monopsony power, vertical bargaining, contracting, and other issues addressed by empirical industrial organization (EIO) researchers. Although the concepts and methods of EIO are evolving rapidly, the two bodies of literature on EIO and FVC transformation as part of the food markets and food industries branches of development economics have not sufficiently cross-pollinated. Applying tools of modern EIO to FVCs in developing countries is now relevant because of the transformation that has occurred and possibly due to the increasing availability of data from surveys of farms, processors, and wholesalers, and for some retailers, from scanner data. We review the transformation trends, the EIO themes and tools relevant to them, and the emerging data sources.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-101721-023554
2022-10-05
2024-05-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/resource/14/1/annurev-resource-101721-023554.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-101721-023554&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abbott JC. 1962. The role of marketing in the development of backward agricultural economies. J. Farm Econ. 44:349–62
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ackerberg DA, Caves K, Frazer G. 2015. Identification properties of recent production function estimators. Econometrica 83:62411–51
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Adjemian MK, Saitone TL, Sexton RJ. 2016. A framework to analyze the performance of thinly traded agricultural commodity markets. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 98:2581–96
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Adjognon SG, Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Reardon T. 2017. Agricultural input credit in Sub-Saharan Africa: telling myth from facts. Food Policy 67:93–105
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Aguirregabiria V, Mira P, Roman H 2007. An estimate dynamic model of entry, exit, and growth in oligopoly modern retail markets. Am. Econ. Rev. 97:2449–54
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Aguirregabiria V, Vicentini G. 2016. Dynamic spatial competition between multi-store modern retailers. . J. Ind. Econ. 64:4710–54
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Allcott H, Diamond R, Dube JP, Handbury J, Rahkovsky I, Schnell M. 2019. Food deserts and the causes of nutritional inequality. . Q. J. Econ. 134:41793–44
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Arcidiacono P, Bayer P, Blevins JR, Ellickson PB. 2016. Estimation of dynamic discrete choice models in continuous time with an application to modern retail competition. Rev. Econ. Stud. 83:3889–931
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Arie G, Grieco PL 2014. Who pays for switching costs?. Quant. Mark. Econ. 12:4379–419
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Atkin D, Donaldson D. 2015. Who's getting globalized? The size and implications of intra-national trade costs NBER Work. Pap. 21439
  11. Atkin D, Faber B, Gonzalez-Navarro M. 2018. Modern retail globalization and household welfare: evidence from Mexico. J. Political Econ. 126:1 https://doi.org/10.1086/695476
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bajari P, Benkard CL, Levin J. 2007. Estimating dynamic models of imperfect competition. Econometrica 75:51331–70
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Baker G, Gibbons R, Murphy KJ. 1994. Subjective performance measures in optimal incentive contracts. Q. J. Econ. 109:41125–56
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Baker G, Gibbons R, Murphy KJ. 2002. Relational contracts and the theory of the firm. Q. J. Econ. 117:139–84
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bardhan PK. 1980. Interlocking factor markets and agrarian development: a review of issues. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 32:182–98
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Barrett CB. 1997. Food marketing liberalization and trader entry: evidence from Madagascar. World Dev. 25:5763–77
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Barrett CB, Reardon T, Swinnen J, Zilberman D. 2022. Structural transformation and economic development: insights from the agri-food value chain revolution. J. Econ. Lit. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bell C. 1988. Credit markets and interlinked transactions. Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. 1763–830 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bell DR, Lattin JM. 1998. Shopping behavior and consumer preference for store price format: why “large basket” shoppers prefer EDLP. Mark. Sci. 17:66–88
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bellemare MF, Bloem JM. 2018. Does contract farming improve welfare? A review. World Dev. 112:259–71
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Berdegué JA, Balsevich F, Flores L, Reardon T. 2005. Central American supermarkets' private standards of quality and safety in procurement of fresh fruits and vegetables. Food Policy 30:3254–69
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Beresteanu A, Ellickson PB, Misra S. 2010. The dynamics of modern retail oligopoly Work. Pap., Dep. Econ., Univ Pittsburgh:
  23. Bergquist LF, Dinerstein M. 2020. Competition and entry in agricultural markets: experimental evidence from Kenya. Am. Econ. Rev. 110:3705–47
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Berry LL. 1995. Relationship marketing of services—growing interest, emerging perspectives. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 23:4236–45
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Berry S. 1994. Estimating discrete-choice models of product differentiation. RAND J. Econ. 25:2242–62
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Blouin A, Macchiavello R. 2019. Strategic default in the international coffee market. Q. J. Econ. 134:895–951
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Briesch RA, Chintagunta PK, Fox EJ. 2009. How does assortment affect grocery store choice?. J. Mark. Res. 46:2176–89
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bronnenberg BJ, Dube JP. 2017. The formation of consumer brand preferences. Annu. Rev. Econ. 9:353–82
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Bronnenberg BJ, Ellickson PB. 2015. Adolescence and the path to maturity in global modern retail. J. Econ. Perspect. 29:4113–34
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Bubb R, Kaur S, Mullainathan S. 2016. Barriers to contracting in village economies: a test for enforcement constraints Work. Pap., Sch. Law NYU:
  31. Burke M, Bergquist LF, Miguel E 2019. Sell low and buy high: arbitrage and local price effects in Kenyan markets. Q. J. Econ. 134:2785–842
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Cabral L. 2009. Small switching costs lead to lower prices. J. Mark. Res. 46:4449–51
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cajal-Grossi J, Macchiavello R, Noguera G. 2022. Buyers' sourcing strategies and suppliers' markups in Bangladeshi garments Work. Pap., Grad. Inst. Geneva: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SH7F5abyP8vUbhWamdbYU6N9c_Oyp2Ms/view
  34. Casaburi L, Macchiavello R. 2019. Demand and supply of infrequent payments as a commitment device: evidence from Kenya. Am. Econ. Rev. 109:523–55
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Casaburi L, Reed T 2020. Interlinked transactions and competition: experimental evidence from cocoa markets Work. Pap., Dep. Econ. Univ. Zurich:
  36. Chiappori PA, Salanié B. 2003. Testing contract theory: a survey of some recent work. Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Eighth World Congress, Vol. 1 M Dewatripont, LP Hansen, SJ Turnovsky 115–49 Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ching AT, Erdem T, Keane MP. 2013. Learning models: an assessment of progress, challenges, and new developments. Mark. Sci. 32:6913–38
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ching AT, Erdem T, Keane MP. 2014. A simple method to estimate the roles of learning, inventories and category consideration in consumer choice. J. Choice Model. 13:60–72
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ching AT, Erdem T, Keane MP. 2020. How much do consumers know about the quality of products? Evidence from the diaper market. Jpn. Econ. Rev. 71:541–69
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ching AT, Osborne M. 2020. Identification and estimation of forward-looking behavior: the case of consumer stockpiling. Mark. Sci. 39:4707–26
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Collard-Wexler A, Gowrisankaran G, Lee RS. 2019. “Nash-in-Nash” bargaining: a microfoundation for applied work. J. Political Econ. 127:1163–95
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Crawford GS, Lee RS, Whinston MD, Yurukoglu A. 2018. The welfare effects of vertical integration in multichannel television markets. Econometrica 86:3891–954
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Dai J, Wang X. 2014. Is China's dairy processing industry oligopolistic and/or oligopsonistic? China Agric. . Econ. Rev. 6:644–53
    [Google Scholar]
  44. De Loecker J. 2007. Do exports generate higher productivity? Evidence from Slovenia. J. Int. Econ. 73:169–98
    [Google Scholar]
  45. De Loecker J. 2011. Recovering markups from production data. Int. J. Ind. Organ. 29:3350–55
    [Google Scholar]
  46. De Loecker J, Eeckhout J, Unger G. 2020. The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications. . Q. J. Econ. 135:2561–664
    [Google Scholar]
  47. De Loecker J, Goldberg PK, Khandelwal AK, Pavcnik N. 2016.. Prices, markups, and trade reform. Econometrica 84:2445–510
    [Google Scholar]
  48. De Loecker J, Warzynski F. 2012. Markups and firm-level export status. Am. Econ. Rev. 102:62437–71
    [Google Scholar]
  49. De los Santos B, Hortaçsu A, Wildenbeest MR. 2012. Testing models of consumer search using data on web browsing and purchasing behavior. Am. Econ. Rev. 102:62955–80
    [Google Scholar]
  50. DellaVigna S, Gentzkow M. 2019. Uniform pricing in U.S. retail chains. Q. J. Econ. 134:42011–84
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Derdenger T, Kumar V. 2019. Estimating dynamic discrete choice models with aggregate data: properties of the inclusive value approximation. Quant. Mark. Econ. 17:4359–84
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Dillon B, Dambro C. 2017. How competitive are crop markets in Sub-Saharan Africa?. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 99:51344–61
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Dobson PW, Waterson M. 1997. Countervailing power and consumer prices. Econ. J. 107:441418–30
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Draganska M, Klapper D, Villas-Boas SB. 2010. A larger slice or a larger pie? An empirical investigation of bargaining power in the distribution channel. Mark. Sci. 29:157–74
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Dries L, Swinnen JF. 2004. Foreign direct investment, vertical integration, and local suppliers: evidence from the Polish dairy sector. World Dev. 32:91525–44
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Dube JP, Hitsch GJ, Rossi PE. 2009. Do switching costs make markets less competitive?. J. Mark. Res. 46:4435–45
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Eizenberg A. 2014. Upstream innovation and product variety in the U.S. home PC market. Rev. Econ. Stud. 81:31003–45
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Ellickson PB. 2007. Does Sutton apply to supermarkets?. RAND J. Econ. 38:143–59
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Ellickson PB, Misra S, Nair HS. 2012. Repositioning dynamics and pricing strategy. J. Mark. Res. 49:6750–72
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Emran MS, Mookherjee D, Shilpi F, Uddin MH. 2020. Credit rationing and pass-through in supply chains: theory and evidence from Bangladesh. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 13:3202–36
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Fafchamps M. 2003. Market Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and Evidence Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  62. Farina EMMQ. 2002. Consolidation, multinationalisation, and competition in Brazil: impacts on horticulture and dairy products systems. Dev. Policy Rev. 20:4441–57
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Feenstra RC. 1995. Exact hedonic price indexes. Rev. Econ. Stat. 77:4634–53
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Fox EJ, Postrel S, Semple JH. 2009. Optimal category pricing with endogenous store traffic. Mark. Sci. 28:4709–20
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Galenianos M, Gavazza A. 2017. A structural model of the retail market for illicit drugs. Am. Econ. Rev. 107:858–96
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Gereffi G, Lee J. 2012. Why the world suddenly cares about global supply chains. J. Supply Chain Manag. 48:324–32
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Goldberg PK. 1995. Product differentiation and oligopoly in international markets: the case of the US automobile industry. . Econometrica 63:4891–951
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Goldberg PK, Knetter MM. 1999. Measuring the intensity of competition in export markets. J. Int. Econ. 47:127–60
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Gona A, Woji G, Norbert S, Muhammad H, Liverpool-Tasie LSO et al. 2018. The rapid transformation of the fish value chain in Nigeria: evidence from Kebbi State Res. Pap. 115 Feed Fut. Innov. Lab Food Secur. Policy, Mich. State Univ. Lansing:
  70. Green EJ, Porter RH. 1984. Noncooperative collusion under imperfect price information. Econometrica 52:187–100
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gutman G. 2002. Argentine supermarkets and dairy products chain. Dev. Policy Rev. 20:4409–27
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hall RE. 1988. The relation between price and marginal cost in U.S. industry. J. Political Econ. 96:5921–47
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hart O. 2009. Hold-up, asset ownership, and reference points. Q. J. Econ. 124:1267–300
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hendel I, Nevo A. 2006. Sales and consumer inventory. Rand J. Econ. 37:3543–61
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hernández RA, Belton B, Reardon T, Hu C, Zhang X, Ahmed A 2018. The ‘quiet revolution’ in the aquaculture value chain in Bangladesh. Aquaculture 493:456–68
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Hoffmann V, Moser C, Saak A. 2019. Food safety in low and middle-income countries: the evidence through an economic lens. World Dev 123:104611
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Holmes TJ. 2011. The diffusion of Wal-Mart and economies of density. Econometrica 79:1253–302
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Horn H, Wolinsky A. 1988. Bilateral monopolies and incentives for merger. RAND J. Econ. 19:3408–19
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Iacovone L, Javorcik B, Keller W, Tybout J. 2015. Supplier responses to Wal-Mart's invasion in Mexico. J. Int. Econ. 95:11–15
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Igami M, Sugaya T. 2022. Measuring the incentive to collude: the vitamin cartels, 1990–99. Rev. Econ. Stud. 89:1460–94
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Keane MP. 1997. Modeling heterogeneity and state dependence in consumer choice behavior. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 15:3310–27
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Klein B. 1996. Why hold-ups occur: the self-enforcing range of contractual relationships. Econ. Inq. 34:444–63
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Lagakos D. 2016. Explaining cross-country productivity differences in modern retail trade. J. Political Econ. 124:2579–620
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Leone F, Macchiavello R, Miquel-Florensa J, Pavanini N 2022. Market structure, vertical integration and farmers welfare in the Costa Rica coffee chain Work. Pap. London Sch. Econ.
  85. Levinsohn J, Petrin A. 2003. Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables. Rev. Econ. Stud. 70:2317–41
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Reardon T, Sanou A, Ogunleye W, Ogunbayo I, Omonona BT. 2017. The transformation of value chains in Africa: evidence from the first large survey of maize traders in Nigeria Res. Pap. 91 Feed Fut. Innov. Lab Food Secur. Policy, Mich. State Univ. Lansing:
  87. Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Wineman A, Young S, Tambo J, Vargas C et al. 2020. A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions. Nat. Sustain. 3:10799–808
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lowrey JD, Richards TJ, Hamilton SF. 2021. Food banks and retail markups. Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. 2021:jbab047
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Macchiavello R. 2022. Relational contracts and development. Annu. Rev. Econ. 14:337–62
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Macchiavello R, Miquel-Florensa J. 2018. Vertical integration and relational contracts: evidence from the Costa Rica coffee chain Work. Pap London Sch. Econ./Toulouse Sch. Econ.
  91. Macchiavello R, Miquel-Florensa J. 2019. Buyer-driven upgrading in GVCs: the sustainable quality program in Colombia Work. Pap. London Sch. Econ./Toulouse Sch. Econ.
  92. Macchiavello R, Morjaria A. 2015. The value of relationships: evidence from a supply shock to Kenyan rose exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:2911–45
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Macchiavello R, Morjaria A. 2021. Competition and relational contracts: evidence from Rwanda's coffee mills. Q. J. Econ. 136:21089–43
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Meemken EM, Bellemare MF. 2020. Smallholder farmers and contract farming in developing countries. PNAS 117:1259–64
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Michler JD, Wu SY. 2020. Relational contracts in agriculture: theory and evidence. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 12:111–27
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Minten B, Kyle S 1999. The effect of distance and road quality on food collection, marketing margins, and traders' wages: evidence from the former Zaire. J. Dev. Econ. 60:2467–95
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Minten B, Reardon T, Singh KM, Sutradhar R. 2014. The new and changing roles of cold storages in the potato supply chain in Bihar. Econ. Political Wkly. 49:52 27:98–108
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Minten B, Singh KM, Sutradhar R. 2013. Branding and agricultural value chains in developing countries: insights from Bihar (India). Food Policy 38:23–34
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Minten B, Tamru S, Engida E, Kuma T. 2016. Transforming staple food value chains in Africa: the case of teff in Ethiopia. J. Dev. Stud. 52:5627–45
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Muthoo A. 1999. Bargaining Theory with Applications Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  101. Nash J. 1951. Non-cooperative games. Ann. Math. 54:2286–95
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Nevo A. 2000. Mergers with differentiated products: the case of the ready-to-eat cereal industry. Rand J. Econ. 31:3395–421
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Nevo A. 2001. Measuring market power in the ready-to-eat cereal industry. . Econometrica 69:2307–42
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Olley S, Pakes A. 1996. Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms. Econometrica 64:61263–97
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Otsuka K, Nakano Y, Takahashi K. 2016. Contract farming in developed and developing countries. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 8:353–76
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Pietrobelli C, Rabellotti R, eds. 2006. Upgrading to Compete: Global Value Chains, Clusters, and SMEs in Latin America Washington, DC: Inter-Am. Dev. Bank
  107. Pinkse J, Slade ME, Brett C. 2002. Spatial price competition: a semiparametric approach. Econometrica 70:31111–53
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Reardon T. 2015. The hidden middle: the quiet revolution in the midstream of agrifood value chains in developing countries. Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy 31:145–63
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Reardon T, Barrett CB, Berdegué JA, Swinnen JFM. 2009. Agrifood industry transformation and small farmers in developing countries. World Dev. 37:111717–27
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Reardon T, Chen K, Minten B, Adriano L. 2012. The Quiet Revolution in Staple Food Value Chains in Asia: Enter the Dragon, the Elephant, and the Tiger Washington, DC: IFPRI
  111. Reardon T, Henson S, Berdegué J. 2007.. ‘ Proactive fast-tracking’ diffusion of supermarkets in developing countries: implications for market institutions and trade. J. Econ. Geogr. 7:4399–431
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Reardon T, Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Minten B 2021. Quiet revolution by SMEs in the midstream of value chains in developing regions: wholesale markets, wholesalers, logistics, and processing. Food Secur 13:1577–94
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Reardon T, Minten B. 2021. Food value chain transformation in developing regions. Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World K Otsuka, S Fan 397–43 Washington, DC: IFPRI
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Reardon T, Timmer CP. 2012. The economics of the food system revolution. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 4:225–64
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Reardon T, Timmer CP, Barrett CB, Berdegué J. 2003. The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 85:51140–46
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Rhodes A. 2014. Re-examining the effects of switching costs. Econ. Theory 57:1161–94
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Richards TJ, Bonnet C, Bouamra-Mechemache Z. 2018. Complementarity and bargaining power. Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. 45:3297–331
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Richards TJ, Hamilton S 2018. Modern retail market power in a shopping basket model of supermarket competition. J. Retail. 94:3328–42
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Richards TJ, Liaukonyte J. 2022. Switching costs and store choice. Am. J. Agric. Econ. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Rubens M. 2021. Market structure, oligopsony power and productivity Work. Pap. KU Leuven Belg:.
  121. Ryan N. 2020. Contract enforcement and productive efficiency: evidence from the bidding and renegotiation of power procurement contracts in India. Econometrica 88:383–424
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Seim K. 2006. An empirical model of firm entry with endogenous product-type choices. Rand J. Econ. 37:3619–40
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Sexton RJ. 2013. Market power, misconceptions, and modern agricultural markets. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 95:2209–19
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Sexton RJ, Xia T. 2018. Increasing concentration in the agricultural supply chain: implications for market power and sector performance. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 10:229–51
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Slade ME. 1995. Product rivalry with multiple strategic weapons: An analysis of price and advertising competition. J. Econ. Manag. Strategy 4:3445–76
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Swinnen JFM 2007.. Global Supply Chains, Standards and the Poor: How the Globalization of Food Systems and Standards Affects Rural Development and Poverty Wallingford, UK: CABI
  127. Swinnen JFM, Deconinck K, Vandemoortele T, Vandeplas A. 2015. Quality Standards, Value Chains, and International Development: Economic and Political Theory New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  128. Swinnen JFM, Maertens M. 2007. Globalization, privatization, and vertical coordination in value chains in developing and transition countries. Agric. Econ. 37:89–102
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Swinnen JFM, Vandeplas A. 2010. Market power and rents in global supply chains. Agric. Econ. 41:109–20
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Thomassen O, Smith H, Seiler S, Schiraldi P. 2017. Multi-category competition and market power: a model of supermarket pricing. Am. Econ. Rev. 107:82308–51
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Traina J. 2018. Is aggregate market power increasing? Production trends using financial statements. Work. Pap. Booth Sch. Bus., Univ Chicago:
  132. Verboven F. 2002. Quality-based price discrimination and tax incidence: evidence from gasoline and diesel cars. RAND J. Econ. 33:2275–97
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Villas-Boas SB. 2007. Vertical relationships between manufacturers and retailers: inference with limited data. Rev. Econ. Stud. 74:2625–52
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Weyl EG, Fabinger M. 2013. Pass-through as an economic tool: principles of incidence under imperfect competition. J. Political Econ. 121:3528–83
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Wooldridge JM. 2009. On estimating firm-level production functions using proxy variables to control for unobservables. Econ. Lett. 10:3112–14
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Zhang X, Hu D. 2011. Overcoming successive bottlenecks: the evolution of a potato cluster in China. World Dev 63:102–12
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-101721-023554
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-resource-101721-023554
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error