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- Volume 25, 2005
Annual Review of Nutrition - Volume 25, 2005
Volume 25, 2005
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ANNUAL LIPID CYCLES IN HIBERNATORS: Integration of Physiology and Behavior
Vol. 25 (2005), pp. 469–497More Less▪ AbstractMammalian hibernation is a temporary suspension of euthermia allowing endotherms to undergo reversible hypothermia and generate a marked savings in energy expenditure. In most fat-storing hibernator species, seasonal changes in food intake, triacylglycerol deposition, metabolism, and reproductive development are controlled by a circannual clock. In ground-dwelling sciurid rodents (ground squirrels and marmots), for example, energy intake increases during a summer body mass gain phase, and toward the end of this phase metabolic rate also begins to decrease, resulting in a profound increase in lipid deposition as fat. Increased activity of lipogenic hormones and enzymes correspond with this increase. The hibernation mass loss phase begins after the body mass peak in the fall and ends in spring. During this phase, stored lipids are slowly utilized in a programmed manner by undergoing deep torpor or hibernation during which the hypothalamic setpoint for body temperature is typically reduced to just above 0°C. Throughout the hibernation season, bouts of deep torpor are punctuated by periodic arousals in which brown adipose tissue thermogenesis plays a critical role. Lipid oxidation nearly exclusively fuels deep torpor and most of the rewarming process. The fatty acid composition of stored lipids can affect the depth and duration of deep torpor, and saturated fatty acids may be preferentially used during hibernation, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids may be preferentially retained. Female and underweight male hibernators terminate hibernation in spring when aboveground food becomes available; in contrast, heavier males with sufficient lipid reserves spontaneously terminate hibernation several weeks before females and independent of food availability. Mating occurs shortly after emergence from hibernation, and the lipid cycle begins again with the completion of reproduction. Lipid deposition and mobilization, temperature regulation, reproduction, and circannual timing are intimately interdependent. The unique manner in which they are controlled during the annual cycle, especially lipid reserves, makes hibernators valuable and promising models for research into the mechanisms underlying these processes in all mammals.
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DROSOPHILA NUTRIGENOMICS CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO HUMAN GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
Vol. 25 (2005), pp. 499–522More Less▪ AbstractNutrigenomics refers to the complex effects of the nutritional environment on the genome, epigenome, and proteome of an organism. The diverse tissue- and organ-specific effects of diet include gene expression patterns, organization of the chromatin, and protein post-translational modifications. Long-term effects of diet range from obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to increased or decreased longevity. Furthermore, the diet of the mother can potentially have long-term health impacts on the children, possibly through inherited diet-induced chromatin alterations. Drosophila is a unique and ideal model organism for conducting nutrigenomics research for numerous reasons. Drosophila, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans all have sophisticated genetics as well as sequenced genomes, and researchers working with all three organisms have made valuable discoveries in nutrigenomics. However, unlike yeast and C. elegans, Drosophila has adipose-like tissues and a lipid transport system, making it a closer model to humans. This review summarizes what has already been learned in Drosophila nutrigenomics (with an emphasis on lipids and sterols), critically evaluates the data, and discusses fruitful areas for future research.
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THE COW AS A MODEL TO STUDY FOOD INTAKE REGULATION
Vol. 25 (2005), pp. 523–547More Less▪ AbstractAnimal models have been invaluable for studying aspects of food intake regulation that for various reasons cannot be observed in humans. The dairy cow is a unique animal model because of an unrivaled energy requirement; its great drive to eat results in feeding behavior responses to treatments within the physiological range. Cows' docile nature and large size make them ideal for measuring temporal treatment effects because digestion and absorption kinetics and responses in endocrine systems, gene expression, metabolite pools and fluxes, and feeding behavior can be measured simultaneously. Thus, cows are important models to investigate interactions of short-term signals regulating food intake. Furthermore, different physiological states throughout the lactation cycle provide powerful models to study how short- and long-term signals interact to affect long-term energy status. The use of the cow as a model can lead to breakthroughs in understanding the complex interactions of signals regulating food intake.
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THE ROLE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN DEVELOPMENT
Vol. 25 (2005), pp. 549–571More Less▪ AbstractThe presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in human milk but not in infant formula, coupled with lower plasma and brain lipid contents of DHA in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants and reports of higher IQ in individuals who were breast-fed versus formula-fed as infants, suggest that exogenous DHA (and ARA) may be essential for optimal development. Thus, since 1990, several studies have examined the impact of formulas containing DHA or DHA plus ARA on visual function and neurodevelopmental outcome. Some of these studies have shown benefits but others have not. These results leave largely unanswered the question of whether these fatty acids are beneficial for either the term or preterm infant. However, evidence that preterm infants might benefit is somewhat more convincing than that for term infants. Despite the limited evidence for efficacy, formulas supplemented with DHA and ARA are now available and appear to be safe.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 44 (2024)
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Volume 43 (2023)
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Volume 42 (2022)
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Volume 41 (2021)
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Volume 40 (2020)
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Volume 39 (2019)
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Volume 38 (2018)
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Volume 37 (2017)
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Volume 36 (2016)
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Volume 35 (2015)
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Volume 34 (2014)
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Volume 33 (2013)
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Volume 32 (2012)
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Volume 31 (2011)
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Volume 30 (2010)
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Volume 29 (2009)
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Volume 28 (2008)
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Volume 27 (2007)
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Volume 26 (2006)
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Volume 25 (2005)
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Volume 24 (2004)
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Volume 23 (2003)
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Volume 22 (2002)
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Volume 21 (2001)
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Volume 20 (2000)
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Volume 19 (1999)
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Volume 18 (1998)
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Volume 17 (1997)
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Volume 16 (1996)
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Volume 15 (1995)
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Volume 14 (1994)
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Volume 13 (1993)
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Volume 12 (1992)
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Volume 11 (1991)
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Volume 10 (1990)
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Volume 9 (1989)
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Volume 8 (1988)
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Volume 7 (1987)
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Volume 6 (1986)
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Volume 5 (1985)
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Volume 4 (1984)
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Volume 3 (1983)
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Volume 2 (1982)
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Volume 1 (1981)
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Volume 0 (1932)