1932

Abstract

Around 15 million children are born preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) every year. Of these, 15% or 2.25 million are born very preterm (VP; <32 weeks of gestation). Here, the developmental outcomes of VP babies in diverse domains from motor, cognitive, and social function to mental health and well-being throughout childhood and adolescence are reviewed. Their life course adaptation in terms of romantic relationships, employment, and quality of life into adulthood is also considered. Some adverse effects reduce as individuals age, and others remain remarkably stable from childhood into adulthood. We argue that to advance understanding of developmental mechanisms and direct resources for intervention more effectively, social factors need to be assessed more comprehensively, and genetically sensitive designs should be considered with neuroimaging integrated to test alternative developmental models. As current evidence is based almost exclusively on studies from high-income countries, research from low- and middle-income countries is urgently needed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804
2019-12-24
2024-10-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/devpsych/1/1/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J 2009. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 124:717–28
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Agrawal S, Rao SC, Bulsara MK, Patole SK 2018. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 142:e20180134
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Alenius S, Kajantie E, Sund R, Näsänen-Gilmore P, Vääräsmäki M et al. 2018. The missing siblings of infants born preterm. Pediatrics 141:e20171354
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allin M, Rooney M, Cuddy M, Wyatt J, Walshe M et al. 2006. Personality in young adults who are born preterm. Pediatrics 117:309–16
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Allotey J, Zamora J, Cheong-See F, Kalidindi M, Arroyo-Manzano D et al. 2018. Cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performances of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and systematic review involving 64 061 children. BJOG 125:16–25
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Arlington, VA: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 5th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ball G, Srinivasan L, Aljabar P, Counsell SJ, Durighel G et al. 2013. Development of cortical microstructure in the preterm human brain. PNAS 110:9541–46
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2016. Health-related quality of life into adulthood after very preterm birth. Pediatrics 137:e20153148
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bäuml JG, Daamen M, Meng C, Neitzel J, Scheef L et al. 2015. Correspondence between aberrant intrinsic network connectivity and gray-matter volume in the ventral brain of preterm born adults. Cereb. Cortex 25:4135–45
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Belsky J, Pluess M. 2013. Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev. Psychopathol. 25:1243–61
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Benavente-Fernández I, Synnes A, Grunau RE, Chau V, Ramraj C et al. 2019. Association of socioeconomic status and brain injury with neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm children. JAMA Netw. Open 2:e192914
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, Cradock MM, Anand KJ 2002. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. JAMA 288:728–37
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bilgin A, Mendonca M, Wolke D 2018. Preterm birth/low birth weight and markers reflective of wealth in adulthood: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 142:e20173625
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bilgin A, Wolke D. 2015. Maternal sensitivity in parenting preterm children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 136:e177–93
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bowlby J. 1969. Attachment and Loss: Attachment New York: Basic
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Breeman LD, Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2015. Preterm cognitive function into adulthood. Pediatrics 136:415–23
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Breeman LD, Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2016a. Attention problems in very preterm children from childhood to adulthood: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 57:132–40
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Breeman LD, Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2017. Neonatal predictors of cognitive ability in adults born very preterm: a prospective cohort study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 59:477–83
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Breeman LD, van der Pal S, Verrips GHW, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2016b. Neonatal treatment philosophy in Dutch and German NICUs: health-related quality of life in adulthood of VP/VLBW infants. Qual. Life Res. 26:935–43
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bronfenbrenner U. 1989. Ecological systems theory. Ann. Child Dev. 6:187–249
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Brydges CR, Landes JK, Reid CL, Campbell C, French N, Anderson M 2018. Cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents born very preterm: a meta-analysis. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 60:452–68
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Burnett A, Davey CG, Wood SJ, Wilson-Ching M, Molloy C et al. 2014. Extremely preterm birth and adolescent mental health in a geographical cohort born in the 1990s. Psychol. Med. 44:1533–44
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Burnett AC, Anderson PJ, Cheong J, Doyle LW, Davey CG, Wood SJ 2011. Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in preterm and full-term children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 41:2463–74
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Burnett AC, Anderson PJ, Lee KJ, Roberts G, Doyle LW et al. 2018. Trends in executive functioning in extremely preterm children across 3 birth eras. Pediatrics 141:e20171958
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Carlson E. 1998. A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganisation/disorientation. Child Dev 69:1107–28
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Chan E, Quigley MA. 2014. School performance at age 7 years in late preterm and early term birth: a cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 99:F451–57
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller A-B, Lumbiganon P, Petzold M et al. 2019. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 7:e37–46
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Chen H, Cohen P, Chen S 2010. How big is a big odds ratio? Interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies. Commun. Stat. Simul. Comput. 39:860–64
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Cheong JLY, Anderson PJ, Burnett AC, Roberts G, Davis N et al. 2017. Changing neurodevelopment at 8 years in children born extremely preterm since the 1990s. Pediatrics 139:e20164086
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Collishaw S, Maughan B, Natarajan L, Pickles A 2010. Trends in adolescent emotional problems in England: a comparison of two national cohorts twenty years apart. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 51:885–94
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Constable RT, Ment LR, Vohr BR, Kesler SR, Fulbright RK et al. 2008. Prematurely born children demonstrate white matter microstructural differences at 12 years of age, relative to term control subjects: an investigation of group and gender effects. Pediatrics 121:306–16
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Darlow BA, Horwood LJ, Pere-Bracken HM, Woodward LJ 2013. Psychosocial outcomes of young adults born very low birth weight. Pediatrics 132:e1521–28
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Day KL, Van Lieshout RJ, Vaillancourt T, Schmidt LA 2015. Peer victimization in survivors of premature birth and low birth weight: review and recommendations. Aggress. Violent Behav. 25:259–65
    [Google Scholar]
  34. de Kieviet JF, Piek JP, Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Oosterlaan J 2009. Motor development in very preterm and very low-birth-weight children from birth to adolescence: a meta-analysis. JAMA 302:2235–42
    [Google Scholar]
  35. D'Onofrio BM, Class QA, Rickert ME, Larsson H, Langstrom N, Lichtenstein P 2013. Preterm birth and mortality and morbidity: a population-based quasi-experimental study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:1231–40
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Battin M, Bowen JR, Brown N et al. 2014. Long term follow up of high risk children: who, why and how. ? BMC Pediatr 14:279
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Doyle LW, Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Vic. Infant Collab. Study Group. 2010. Outcomes at age 2 years of infants <28 weeks' gestational age born in Victoria in 2005. J. Pediatr 156:49–53
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Edwards AD, Redshaw ME, Kennea N, Rivero-Arias O, Gonzales-Cinca N et al. 2018. Effect of MRI on preterm infants and their families: a randomised trial with nested diagnostic and economic evaluation. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103:F15–21
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Edwards J, Berube M, Erlandson K, Haug S, Johnstone H et al. 2011. Developmental coordination disorder in school-aged children born very preterm and/or at very low birth weight: a systematic review. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 32:678–87
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ellis BJ, Boyce WT, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH 2011. Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:7–28
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Ellis GB, Del Giudice M 2019. Developmental adaptation to stress: an evolutionary perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70:111–39
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Eryigit Madzwamuse S, Baumann N, Jaekel J, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2015. Neuro-cognitive performance of very preterm or very low birth weight adults at 26 years. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 56:857–64
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Eryigit-Madzwamuse S, Strauss V, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2015. Personality of adults who were born very preterm. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 100:F524–29
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Farooqi A, Hagglof B, Sedin G, Gothefors L, Serenius F 2007. Mental health and social competencies of 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study. Pediatrics 120:118–33
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Feldman R, Rosenthal Z, Eidelman AI 2014. Maternal-preterm skin-to-skin contact enhances child physiologic organization and cognitive control across the first 10 years of life. Biol. Psychiatry 75:56–64
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Field T. 1987. Interaction and attachment in normal and atypical infants. J. Consul. Clin. Psychol. 55853–59
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Forcada-Guex M, Pierrehumbert B, Borghini A, Moessinger A, Muller-Nix C 2006. Early dyadic patterns of mother-infant interactions and outcomes of prematurity at 18 months. Pediatrics 118:e107–14
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS et al. 2018. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 141:e20171645
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R 2008. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371:75–84
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Groen-Blokhuis MM, Middeldorp CM, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Boomsma DI 2011. Evidence for a causal association of low birth weight and attention problems. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 50:1247–54.e2
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Grothe MJ, Scheef L, Bäuml J, Meng C, Daamen M et al. 2017. Reduced cholinergic basal forebrain integrity links neonatal complications and adult cognitive deficits after premature birth. Biol. Psychiatry 82:119–26
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N 2002. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:149–57
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Hertz CL, Mathiasen R, Hansen BM, Mortensen EL, Greisen G 2013. Personality in adults who were born very preterm. PLOS ONE 8:e66881
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Heuser KM, Jaekel J, Wolke D 2018. Origins and predictors of friendships in 6- to 8-year-old children born at neonatal risk. J. Pediatr. 193:93–101.e5
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Hille ETM, den Ouden AL, Saigal S, Wolke D, Lambert M et al. 2001. Behavioural problems in children who weigh 1000 g or less at birth in four countries. Lancet 357:1641–43
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Hille ETM, Dorrepaal C, Perenboom R, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Brand R, Verloove-Vanhorick SP 2008. Social lifestyle, risk-taking behavior, and psychopathology in young adults born very preterm or with a very low birthweight. J. Pediatr. 152:793–800.e4
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Hille ETM, Elbertse L, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Brand R, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Dutch POPS-19 Collab. Study Group. 2005. Nonresponse bias in a follow-up study of 19-year-old adolescents born as preterm infants. Pediatrics 116:e662–66
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Hintz SR, O'Shea M. 2008. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Semin. Perinatol. 32:11–19
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Horsman J, Furlong W, Feeny D, Torrance G 2003. The Health Utilities Index (HUI®): concepts, measurement properties and applications. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 1:54
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hüppi P, Schuknecht B, Boesch C, Bossi E, Felblinger J et al. 1996. Structural and neurobehavioral delay in postnatal brain development of preterm infants. Pediatr. Res. 39:895–901
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Inder TE, Warfield SK, Wang H, Huppi PS, Volpe JJ 2005. Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics 115:286–94
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Indredavik MS, Vik T, Heyerdahl S, Romundstad P, Brubakk AM 2005. Low-birthweight adolescents: quality of life and parent-child relations. Acta Paediatr 94:1295–302
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2018a. Mood and anxiety disorders in very preterm/very low-birth weight individuals from 6 to 26 years. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 59:88–95
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Jaekel J, Baumann N, Wolke D 2013. Effects of gestational age at birth on cognitive performance: a function of cognitive workload demands. PLOS ONE 8:e65219
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jaekel J, Pluess M, Belsky J, Wolke D 2015. Effects of maternal sensitivity on low birth weight children's academic achievement: a test of differential susceptibility versus diathesis stress. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 56:693–701
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Jaekel J, Sorg C, Baeuml J, Bartmann P, Wolke D 2018b. Head growth and intelligence from birth to adulthood in very preterm and term born individuals. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 25:48–56
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Jaekel J, Wolke D. 2014. Preterm birth and dyscalculia. J. Pediatr. 164:1327–32
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Jaekel J, Wolke D, Chernova J 2012. Mother and child behaviour in very preterm and term dyads at 6 and 8 years. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 54:716–23
    [Google Scholar]
  69. James SN, Rommel AS, Cheung C, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D et al. 2018. Association of preterm birth with ADHD-like cognitive impairments and additional subtle impairments in attention and arousal malleability. Psychol. Med. 48:1484–93
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Johnson S, Bamber D, Bountziouka V, Clayton S, Cragg L et al. 2019a. Improving developmental and educational support for children born preterm: evaluation of an e-learning resource for education professionals. BMJ Open 9:e029720
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Johnson S, Gilmore C, Gallimore I, Jaekel J, Wolke D 2015. The long-term consequences of preterm birth: What do teachers know?. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 57:571–77
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Johnson S, Hennessy E, Smith R, Trikic R, Wolke D, Marlow N 2009. Academic attainment and special educational needs in extremely preterm children at 11 years of age: the EPICure study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 94:F283–89
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Johnson S, Hollis C, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Wolke D, Marlow N 2010. Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children. J. Pediatr. 156:525–31.e2
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Johnson S, Marlow N. 2011. Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr. Res. 69:11–18
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Johnson S, O'Reilly H, Ni Y, Wolke D, Marlow N 2019b. Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in extremely preterm young adults at 19 years of age and longitudinal findings from middle childhood. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 58:820–26.e6
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Johnson S, Wolke D. 2013. Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence. Early Hum. Dev. 89:199–207
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Johnson S, Wolke D, Marlow N 2008. Outcome monitoring in preterm populations: measures and methods. Z. für Psychol. 216:135–46
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kajantie E, Hovi P, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K et al. 2008. Young adults with very low birth weight: leaving the parental home and sexual relationships—Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults. Pediatrics 122:e62–72
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Kapellou O, Counsell SJ, Kennea N, Dyet L, Saeed N et al. 2006. Abnormal cortical development after premature birth shown by altered allometric scaling of brain growth. PLOS Med 3:e265
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Kelly CE, Chan L, Burnett AC, Lee KJ, Connelly A et al. 2015. Brain structural and microstructural alterations associated with cerebral palsy and motor impairments in adolescents born extremely preterm and/or extremely low birthweight. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 57:1168–75
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Kerr-Wilson CO, Mackay DF, Smith GC, Pell JP 2012. Meta-analysis of the association between preterm delivery and intelligence. J. Public Health 34:209–16
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Kim P, Evans GW, Chen E, Miller G, Seeman T 2018. How socioeconomic disadvantages get under the skin and into the brain to influence health development across the lifespan. Handbook of Life Course Health Development N Halfon, CB Forrest, RM Lerner, EM Faustman 463–97 Cham, Switz.: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Koeppen-Schomerus G, Eley TC, Wolke D, Gringras P, Plomin R 2000. The interaction of prematurity with genetic and environmental influences on cognitive development of twins. J. Pediatr. 137:527–33
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Lee ACC, Blencowe H, Lawn JE 2019. Small babies, big numbers: global estimates of preterm birth. Lancet Glob. Health 7:e2–3
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Linsell L, Johnson S, Wolke D, O'Reilly H, Morris JK et al. 2018. Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: a prospective, population-based cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child. 103:363–70
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Linsell L, Malouf R, Morris J, Kurinczuk JJ, Marlow N 2015. Prognostic factors for poor cognitive development in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 169:1162–72
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B 2000. The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev 71:543–62
    [Google Scholar]
  88. MacKay DF, Smith GC, Dobbie R, Pell JP 2010. Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLOS Med 7:e1000289
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Marlow N, Hennessy EM, Bracewell MA, Wolke D 2007. Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics 120:793–804
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell MA, Samara M, EPICure Study Group 2005. Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:9–19
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Mathewson KJ. 2017. Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 143:347–83
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Mendonça M, Bilgin A, Wolke D 2019. Association of preterm birth and low birth weight with romantic partnership, sexual intercourse, and parenthood in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 2:e196961
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Meng C, Bäuml JG, Daamen M, Jaekel J, Neitzel J et al. 2016. Extensive and interrelated subcortical white and gray matter alterations in preterm-born adults. Brain Struct. Funct. 221:2109–21
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Miljkovitch R, Moran G, Roy C, Jaunin L, Forcada-Guex M et al. 2013. Maternal interactive behaviour as a predictor of preschoolers' attachment representations among full term and premature samples. Early Hum. Dev. 89:349–54
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Miller SP, Ferriero DM, Leonard C, Piecuch R, Glidden DV et al. 2005. Early brain injury in premature newborns detected with magnetic resonance imaging is associated with adverse early neurodevelopmental outcome. J. Pediatr. 147:609–16
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Montagna A, Nosarti C. 2016. Socio-emotional development following very preterm birth: pathways to psychopathology. Front. Psychol. 7:80
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Muglia LJ, Katz M. 2010. The enigma of spontaneous preterm birth. New Engl. J. Med. 362:529–35
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Nosarti C. 2013. Structural and functional brain correlates of behavioral outcomes during adolescence. Early Hum. Dev. 89:221–27
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Nosarti C, Giouroukou E, Healy E, Rifkin L, Walshe M et al. 2008. Grey and white matter distribution in very preterm adolescents mediates neurodevelopmental outcome. Brain 131:205–17
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Odd D, Evans D, Emond AM 2019. Prediction of school outcome after preterm birth: a cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child. 104:348–53
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Pesonen AK, Räikkönen K, Heinonen K, Andersson S, Hovi P et al. 2008. Personality of young adults born prematurely: the Helsinki study of very low birth weight adults. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49:609–17
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Petrou S, Johnson S, Wolke D, Marlow N 2013. The association between neurodevelopmental disability and economic outcomes during mid-childhood. Child Care Health Dev 39:345–57
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Petrou S, Yiu HH, Kwon J 2019. Economic consequences of preterm birth: a systematic review of the recent literature (2009–2017). Arch. Dis. Child. 104:456–65
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Pettinger KJ, Kelly B, Sheldon TA, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, Hill LJB 2019. Starting school: educational development as a function of age of entry and prematurity. Arch. Dis. Child. In press. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-317124
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. Pipp-Siegel S, Siegel CH, Dean J 1999. Neurological aspects of the disorganized/disoriented attachment classification system: differentiating quality of the attachment relationship from neurological impairment. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 64:25–44
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Poehlmann J, Gerstein ED, Burnson C, Weymouth L, Bolt DM et al. 2015. Risk and resilience in preterm children at age 6. Dev. Psychopathol. 27:843–58
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Poulsen G, Wolke D, Kurinczuk JJ, Boyle EM, Field D et al. 2013. Gestational age and cognitive ability in early childhood: a population-based cohort study. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 27:371–79
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Pyhälä R, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti J et al. 2011. Parental bonding after preterm birth: child and parent perspectives in the Helsinki study of very low birth weight adults. J. Pediatr. 158:251–56.e1
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Pyhälä R, Wolford E, Kautiainen H, Andersson S, Bartmann P et al. 2017. Self-reported mental health problems among adults born preterm: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 139:e20162690
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Reid SM, Meehan E, McIntyre S, Goldsmith S, Badawi N, Reddihough DS 2016. Temporal trends in cerebral palsy by impairment severity and birth gestation. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 58:Suppl. 225–35
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Retzler J, Johnson S, Groom M, Hollis C, Budge H, Cragg L 2019. Cognitive predictors of parent-rated inattention in very preterm children: the role of working memory and processing speed. Child Neuropsychol 25:617–35
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Ritchie K, Bora S, Woodward LJ 2015. Social development of children born very preterm: a systematic review. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 57:899–918
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Ritchie K, Bora S, Woodward LJ 2018. Peer relationship outcomes of school-age children born very preterm. J. Pediatr. 201:238–44
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Saigal S, Ferro MA, Van Lieshout RJ, Schmidt LA, Morrison KM, Boyle MH 2016. Health-related quality of life trajectories of extremely low birth weight survivors into adulthood. J. Pediatr. 179:68–73.e1
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Schappin R, Wijnroks L, Uniken Venema MMAT, Jongmans MJ 2013. Rethinking stress in parents of preterm infants: a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 8:e54992
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Schneider S, Houweling JEG, Gommlich-Schneider S, Klein C, Nundel B, Wolke D 2009. Effect of maternal panic disorder on mother–child interaction and relation to child anxiety and child self-efficacy. Arch. Women's Ment. Health 12:251–59
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Schwarzer R, Warner LM. 2013. Perceived self-efficacy and its relationship to resilience. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality: Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Translating Research into Practice S Prince-Embury, DH Saklofske 139–50 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Sherman J, Harris E. 2012. Social class and parenting: classic debates and new understandings. Sociol. Compass 6:60–71
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Simms V, Gilmore C, Cragg L, Clayton S, Marlow N, Johnson S 2015. Nature and origins of mathematics difficulties in very preterm children: a different etiology than developmental dyscalculia. Pediatr. Res. 77:389–95
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Singer LT, Salvator A, Guo S, Collin M, Lilien L, Baley J 1999. Maternal psychological distress and parenting stress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. JAMA 281:799–805
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Spiegler J, Eves R, Mendonça M, Wolke D 2019a. Association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory function or BMI and body composition in preterm-born individuals: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr 108:1205–14
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Spiegler J, Mendonca M, Wolke D 2019b. Prospective study of physical activity of preterm born children from age 5 to 14 years. J. Pediatr. 208:66–73.e7
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Spittle AJ, Cameron K, Doyle LW, Cheong JL 2018. Motor impairment trends in extremely preterm children: 1991–2005. Pediatrics 141:e20173410
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Spittle AJ, Orton J. 2014. Cerebral palsy and developmental coordination disorder in children born preterm. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 19:84–89
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Sullivan MC, Barcelos Winchester S, Parker JG, Marks AK 2012. Characteristic processes in close peer friendships of preterm infants at age 12. Scientifica 2012:657923
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Tallandini MA, Morsan V, Gronchi G, Macagno F 2014. Systematic and meta-analytic review: triggering agents of parental perception of child's vulnerability in instances of preterm birth. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 40:545–53
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Taylor HG, Minich N, Schluchter M, Espy KA, Klein N 2019. Resilience in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight kindergarten children. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 25:362–74
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Twilhaar ES, de Kieviet JF, Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J 2018a. Academic performance of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103:F322–30
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Twilhaar ES, Wade RM, de Kieviet JF, van Goudoever JB, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J 2018b. Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. JAMA Pediatr 172:361–67
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Umberson D, Pudrovska T, Reczek C 2010. Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: a life course perspective. J. Marriage Fam. 72:612–29
    [Google Scholar]
  131. van IJzendoorn MH, Goldberg S, Kroonenberg PM, Frenkel OJ 1992. The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: a meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples. Child Dev 63:840–58
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Van Lieshout RJ, Boyle MH, Favotto L, Krzeczkowski JE, Savoy C et al. 2018a. Impact of extremely low‐birth‐weight status on risk and resilience for depression and anxiety in adulthood. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 59:596–603
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Van Lieshout RJ, Ferro MA, Schmidt LA, Boyle MH, Saigal S et al. 2018b. Trajectories of psychopathology in extremely low birth weight survivors from early adolescence to adulthood: a 20-year longitudinal study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 59:1192–200
    [Google Scholar]
  134. van Lunenburg A, van der Pal SM, van Dommelen P, van der Pal , de Bruin KM, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Verrips GHW 2013. Changes in quality of life into adulthood after very preterm birth and/or very low birth weight in the Netherlands. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 11:51
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Vasileiadis GT, Thompson RT, Han VKM, Gelman N 2009. Females follow a more “compact” early human brain development model than males. A case-control study of preterm neonates. Pediatr. Res. 66:551–55
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Verrips E, Vogels T, Saigal S, Wolke D, Meyer R et al. 2008. Health-related quality of life for extremely low birth weight adolescents in Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands. Pediatrics 122:556–61
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Vohr BR. 2007. How should we report early childhood outcomes of very low birth weight infants. ? Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 12:355–62
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Volpe JJ. 2009. Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol 8:110–24
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Weinfield NS, Sroufe LA, Egeland B 2000. Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high-risk sample: continuity, discontinuity, and their correlates. Child Dev 71:695–702
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Whitfield MF, Eckstein Grunau RV, Holsti L 1997. Extremely premature (≤ 800 g) schoolchildren: multiple areas of hidden disability. Arch. Dis. Child. 77:85–90
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Wightman A, Schluchter M, Drotar D, Andreias L, Taylor HG et al. 2007. Parental protection of extremely low birth weight children at age 8 years. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 28:317–26
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Williamson KE, Jakobson LS. 2014. Social attribution skills of children born preterm at very low birth weight. Dev. Psychopathol. 26:889–900
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Wolke D. 1991. Annotation: Supporting the development of low birthweight infants. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32:723–41
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Wolke D. 2016. Born extremely low birth weight and health related quality of life into adulthood. J. Pediatr. 179:11–12.e1
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Wolke D. 2018. Commentary: Preterm birth: high vulnerability and no resiliency? Reflections on van Lieshout et al. (2018). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 59:1201–4
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Wolke D. 2019. Editorial: Is social inequality in cognitive outcomes increased by preterm birth–related complications?. JAMA Netw. Open 2:e192902
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Wolke D, Baumann N, Busch B, Bartmann P 2017. Very preterm birth and parents' quality of life 27 years later. Pediatrics 140:e20171263
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Wolke D, Baumann N, Strauss V, Johnson S, Marlow N 2015a. Bullying of preterm children and emotional problems at school age: cross-culturally invariant effects. J. Pediatr. 166:1417–22
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Wolke D, Eryigit-Madzwamuse S, Gutbrod T 2014. Very preterm/very low birthweight infants' attachment: infant and maternal characteristics. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 99:F70–75
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Wolke D, Jaekel J, Hall J, Baumann N 2013. Effects of sensitive parenting on the academic resilience of very preterm and very low birth weight adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 53:642–47
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Wolke D, Lereya ST. 2015. Long-term effects of bullying. Arch. Dis. Child. 100:879–85
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Wolke D, Meyer R. 1999. Cognitive status, language attainment and prereading skills of 6-year-old very preterm children and their peers: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 41:94–109
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Wolke D, Ratschinski G, Ohrt B, Riegel K 1994. The cognitive outcome of very preterm infants may be poorer than often reported: an empirical investigation of how methodological issues make a big difference. Eur. J. Pediatr. 153:906–15
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Wolke D, Söhne B, Ohrt B, Riegel K 1995. Follow-up of preterm children: important to document dropouts. Lancet 345:447
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Wolke D, Strauss VY-C, Johnson S, Gilmore C, Marlow N, Jaekel J 2015b. Universal gestational age effects on cognitive and basic mathematic processing: 2 cohorts in 2 countries. J. Pediatr. 166:1410–16.e2
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Wolke D, Waylen A, Samara M, Steer C, Goodman R et al. 2009. Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behaviour disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 195:249–56
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Yeo KT, Lee QY, Quek WS, Wang YA, Bolisetty S, Lui K 2015. Trends in morbidity and mortality of extremely preterm multiple gestation newborns. Pediatrics 136:263–71
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Zeitlin J, Bonamy AE, Piedvache A, Cuttini M, Barros H et al. 2017. Variation in term birthweight across European countries affects the prevalence of small for gestational age among very preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 106:1447–55
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Zwicker JG, Harris SR. 2008. Quality of life of formerly preterm and very low birthweight infants from preschool age to adulthood: a systematic review. Pediatrics 121:e366–e76
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Zwierzynska K, Wolke D, Lereya TS 2013. Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence: a prospective longitudinal study. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 41:309–23
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error