Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change

Supplementary Data

• Download all Supplemental Material as a single PDF. Includes Supplemental Text and literature cited, and Supplemental Figures 1-2 (also reproduced below).

  ---

  

  Supplemental Figure 1: In a stable climate, gene flow will reduce local adaptation (A). Species with an abundant center distribution will have more natural gene flow from central to marginal populations than the reverse, creating a migration load and reduced fitness towards range peripheries compared to optimal locally adapted phenotypes (after Garcia-Ramos and Kirkpatrick 1997). High levels of gene flow will homogenize populations and prevent local adaptation. With climate warming, leading edge (cold-adapted) populations in an abundant center distribution will become better adapted, while lagging edge (warm) populations will have worse maladaptation and have a high risk of extirpation (B). Assisted gene flow (AGF) could maintain evolutionary lineages by moving individuals to the cooler climates to which they are adapted.

  ---

  

  Supplemental Figure 2: The recovery from outbreeding depression following a one-time introduction of 20% foreign genotypes. All parameters are identical to the example in Figure 2 of the main text, except the population begins with 20% foreign genotypes rather than 5% as in Figure 2.