1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior
  4. Volume 11, 2024
  5. Article

Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

Volume 11, 2024

Religion, Spirituality, and the Workplace: A Review and Critique

Abstract

Religion and spirituality strongly influence how most people experience the world, and opportunities to integrate faith and work abound. Yet research on religion, spirituality, and the workplace continues to have somewhat limited impact on mainstream organizational psychology and organizational behavior research. We review the most recent generation of research in this area. We describe high-level trends in the literature and summarize consistent patterns of results linking these constructs with usually beneficial attitudinal, behavioral, and other types of criterion variables. We identify four challenges that hamper progress in this area of research: conceptualizing and measuring core constructs, finding coherence amid theoretical diversity, integrating multiple levels of analysis and explanation, and navigating religion and spirituality in organizational practice. All of these challenges point to paths forward that may usher in a new wave of scholarship using meaning systems as an integrative framework, and practices that foster inclusion, integration, and both individual and organizational well-being.

Keyword(s): faith, faith at work, religion, spiritual leadership, spirituality, workplace spirituality
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458
2024-01-22
2024-05-01
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/organ/11/1/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aboramadan M, Dahleez KA. 2021. Workplace spirituality and job performance in higher education. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 18:128–50
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Abu Bakar R, Cooke FL, Muenjohn N 2018. Religiosity as a source of influence on work engagement: a study of the Malaysian finance industry. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 29:2632–59
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Abualigah A, Davies J, Harrington S. 2021. Religiosity and work engagement: workload as a moderator. Stress Health 37:862–70
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Achour M, Ghani Azmi IBA, Bin Isahak M, Mohd Nor MR, Mohd Yusoff MYZ. 2019. Job stress and nurses well-being: prayer and age as moderators. Commun. Ment. Health J. 55:1226–35
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Achour M, Grine F, Mohd Nor MR. 2014. Work–family conflict and coping strategies: qualitative study of Muslim female academicians in Malaysia. Ment. Health Relig. Cult. 17:1002–14
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Ada HM, Dehom S, D'Errico E, Boyd K, Taylor EJ 2021. Sanctification of work and hospital nurse employment outcomes: an observational study. J. Nurs. Manag. 29:442–50
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Afsar B, Badir Y, Kiani US. 2016. Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: the influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. J. Environ. Psychol. 45:79–88
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Ahmed A, Arshad MA, Mahmood A, Akhtar S. 2019. The influence of spiritual values on employee's helping behavior: the moderating role of Islamic work ethic. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 16:235–63
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Allport GW, Ross JM. 1967. Personal religious orientation and prejudice. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 5:432–43
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Ashmos DP, Duchon D. 2000. Spirituality at work: a conceptualization and measure. J. Manag. Inq. 9:134–45
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Azeem MU, Haq IU, Murtaza G, Jaffery H. 2023. Challenge–hindrance stressors, helping behavior and job performance: double-edged sword of religiousness. J. Bus. Ethics 184:687–99
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Baikovich A, Wasserman V, Pfefferman T. 2022. “Evolution from the inside out”: revisiting the impact of (re)productive resistance among ultra-orthodox female entrepreneurs. Organ. Stud. 43:1247–71
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bailey C, Yeoman R, Madden A, Thompson M, Kerridge G. 2019. A review of the empirical literature on meaningful work: progress and research agenda. Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev. 18:83–113
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Baker BD, Lee DD. 2020. Spiritual formation and workplace engagement: prosocial workplace behaviors. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 17:107–38
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bakibinga P, Vinje HF, Mittelmark M. 2014. The role of religion in the work lives and coping strategies of Ugandan nurses. J. Relig. Health 53:1342–52
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Beehner CG, Blackwell MJ. 2016. The impact of workplace spirituality on food service worker turnover intention. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 13:304–23
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Bennett MF. 2008. Religious and spiritual diversity in the workplace. Contemporary Leadership and Intercultural Competence: Exploring the Cross-Cultural Dynamics Within Organizations MA Moodian 45–60 Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Berger LJ, Essers C, Himi A. 2017. Muslim employees within “white” organizations: the case of Moroccan workers in the Netherlands. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 28:1119–39
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Bickerton GR, Miner MH, Dowson M, Griffin B. 2014. Spiritual resources in the job demands–resources model. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 11:245–68
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Burrell DN, Rahim E. 2018. Developing inclusive leaders with religious literacy in the workplace. Leadership 14:567–84
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Burroughs SM, Eby LT. 1998. Psychological sense of community at work: a measurement system and explanatory framework. J. Commun. Psychol. 26:509–32
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Cavanagh GF. 1999. Spirituality for managers: context and critique. J. Organ. Change Manag. 12:186–99
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Chen CY, Li CI. 2013. Assessing the spiritual leadership effectiveness: the contribution of follower's self-concept and preliminary tests for moderation of culture and managerial position. Leadersh. Q. 24:240–55
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Chen S, Jiang W, Zhang G, Chu F. 2019. Spiritual leadership on proactive workplace behavior: the role of organizational identification and psychological safety. Front. Psychol. 10:1206
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Chirico F. 2017. Religious belief and mental health in lay and consecrated Italian teachers. J. Relig. Health 56:839–51
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Chung H, Johnson A, Pitman B, Tan C. 2022. Faith-based employee resource groups: an understudied aspect of workplace diversity. Acad. Manag. Proc. 1:14634
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Crossman JE. 2015. Being on the outer: the risks and benefits of spiritual self-disclosure in the Australian workplace. J. Manag. Organ. 21:772–85
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Daniels D, Chung H, Kato A, Lambert P. 2023. Faith-based ERGs as an expression of DEI: connecting practice with research and teaching Paper presented at the Professional Development Workshop at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting Aug. 4–9 Boston:
  29. Daniels D, Ecklund EH, Thomson RA, Kalinowski B. 2022. The impact of gender and organizational position on faith–work integration. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 19:124–53
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Dar N, Usman M, Cheng J, Ghani U. 2023. Social undermining at the workplace: how religious faith encourages employees who are aware of their social undermining behaviors to express more guilt and perform better. J. Bus. Ethics 187:371–83
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Dik BJ, Alayan AJ 2023. Meaningfulness and religious/spiritual meaning systems at work: a multilevel framework. Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality EB Davis, EL Worthington Jr., SA Schnitker 429–43 Cham, Switz.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Ecklund EH, Daniels D, Scheitle C. 2024. The Double-Edged Sword of Religion in a Changing Workplace Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  33. Elkins DN, Hedstrom LJ, Hughes LL, Leaf JA, Saunders C. 1988. Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: definition, description, and measurement. J. Hum. Psychol. 28:5–18
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Emmons RA, Paloutzian RF. 2003. The psychology of religion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:377–402
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Forstenlechner I, Al-Waqfi MA. 2010. “A job interview for Mo, but none for Mohammed”: religious discrimination against immigrants in Austria and Germany. Pers. Rev. 39:767–84
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Freshman B. 1999. An exploratory analysis of definitions and applications of spirituality in the workplace. J. Organ. Change Manag. 12:318–29
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Fry LW, Latham JR, Clinebell SK, Krahnke K. 2017. Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: a study of Baldrige Award recipients. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 14:22–47
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Fry LW, Vitucci S, Cedillo M. 2005. Spiritual leadership and army transformation: theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. Leadersh. Q. 16:835–62
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Garrett LE, Spreitzer GM, Bacevice PA. 2017. Co-constructing a sense of community at work: the emergence of community in coworking spaces. Organ. Stud. 38:821–42
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Gatling A, Kim J, Milliman J. 2016. The relationship between workplace spirituality and hospitality supervisors’ work attitudes: a self-determination theory perspective. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 28:471–89
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Giacalone RA, Jurkiewicz CL 2003. Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1st ed..
  42. Giacalone RA, Jurkiewicz CL 2010. The science of workplace spirituality. Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance RA Giacalone, CL Jurkiewicz 19–42 Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2nd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Giacalone RA, Jurkiewicz C, Fry L. 2005. From advocacy to science. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality RF Paloutzian, CL Park 515–28 New York: Guilford, 1st ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Giorgi S, Palmisano S. 2017. Sober intoxication: institutional contradictions and identity work in the everyday life of four religious communities in Italy. Organ. Stud. 38:795–819
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Gorsuch RL, McPherson SE. 1989. Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. J. Sci. Study Relig. 28:348–54
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Grim BJ, Johnson K 2021. Corporate religious diversity, equity, and inclusion as covenantal pluralism. The Routledge Handbook of Religious Literacy, Pluralism, and Global Engagement C Seiple, DR Hoover 228–40 London: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hall MEL, Oates KL, Anderson TL, Willingham MM. 2012. Calling and conflict: the sanctification of work in working mothers. Psychol. Relig. Spirit. 4:71–83
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Harris KA, Howell DS, Spurgeon DW. 2018. Faith concepts in psychology: three 30-year definitional content analyses. Psychol. Relig. Spirit. 10:1–29
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Hassan Z, Tnay JS, Sukardi Yososudarmo SM, Sabil S. 2021. The relationship between workplace spirituality and work-to-family enrichment in selected public sector organizations in Malaysia. J. Relig. Health 60:4132–50
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Henderson AK. 2016. Jesus didn't teach us to juggle: religious involvement, work–family conflict, and life satisfaction among African Americans. J. Fam. Issues 37:1558–84
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Hicks DA. 2003. Religion and the Workplace: Pluralism, Spirituality, Leadership Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  52. Hill PC, Dik BJ. 2012. Psychology of Religion and Workplace Spirituality Charlotte, NC: Inf. Age
  53. Hill PC, Jurkiewicz CL, Giacalone RA, Fry LW. 2013. From concept to science: continuing steps in workplace spirituality research. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality RF Paloutzian, CL Park 617–31 New York: Guilford, 2nd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Hong YJ. 2012. Identifying spirituality in workers: a strategy for retention of community mental health professionals. J. Soc. Serv. Res. 38:175–86
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Honiball G, Geldenhuys D, Mayer CH. 2014. Acknowledging others as “whole beings.” Managers' perceptions of spirituality and health in the South African workplace. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 26:289–301
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Horvath M. 2015. Predicting work outcomes from religiosity and perceived calling. Career Dev. Q. 63:141–55
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Houghton JD, Neck CP, Krishnakumar S. 2016. The what, why, and how of spirituality in the workplace revisited: a 14-year update and extension. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 13:177–205
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Hunsaker WD. 2016. Spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: relationship with Confucian values. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 13:206–25
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Hunsaker WD. 2021. Spiritual leadership and work–family conflict: mediating effects of employee well-being. Pers. Rev. 50:143–58
     [Google Scholar]
  60. James MSL, Miles AK, Mullins T. 2011. The interactive effects of spirituality and trait cynicism on citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 8:165–82
     [Google Scholar]
  61. James W. 1985 (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  62. Kanagaretnam K, Lobo GJ, Wang C. 2015. Religiosity and earnings management: international evidence from the banking industry. J. Bus. Ethics 132:277–96
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Karakas F. 2011. Exploring value compasses of leaders in organizations: introducing nine spiritual anchors. J. Bus. Ethics 93:73–92
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Karakas F, Sarigollu E. 2019. Spirals of spirituality: a qualitative study exploring dynamic patterns of spirituality in Turkish organizations. J. Bus. Ethics 156:799–821
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Kaya A. 2015. The relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors: a research on school principals’ behaviors. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract. 15:597–606
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Kazemipour F, Amin SM. 2012. The impact of workplace spirituality dimensions on organisational citizenship behaviour among nurses with the mediating effect of affective organisational commitment. J. Nurs. Manag. 20:1039–48
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Koburtay T, Syed J, Haloub R. 2020. Implications of religion, culture, and legislation for gender equality at work: qualitative insights from Jordan. J. Bus. Ethics 164:421–36
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Kutcher EJ, Bragger JD, Rodriguez-Srednicki O, Masco JL. 2010. The role of religiosity in stress, job attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior. J. Bus. Ethics 95:319–37
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Lata M, Chaudhary R. 2020. Dark triad and instigated incivility: the moderating role of workplace spirituality. Personal. Individ. Differ. 166:110090
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Lazar A. 2010. Spirituality and job satisfaction among female Jewish Israeli hospital nurses. J. Adv. Nurs. 66:334–44
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Lipka M, Gecewicz C. 2017. More Americans now say they're spiritual but not religious. Pew Research Center Fact Tank Blog Sept. 6. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/06/more-americans-now-say-theyre-spiritual-but-not-religious
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lips-Wiersma M, Wright S. 2012. Measuring the meaning of meaningful work: development and validation of the Comprehensive Meaningful Work Scale (CMWS). Group Organ. Manag. 37:655–85
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Lund Dean K, Safranski SR, Lee ES. 2015. Bad apples, behaving badly? Workplace religious discrimination disputes and resolution behaviors. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 12:227–56
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Lynn ML, Naughton MJ, VanderVeen S. 2009. Faith at Work Scale (FWS): justification, development, and validation of a measure of Judaeo-Christian religion in the workplace. J. Bus. Ethics 85:227–43
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Lynn ML, Naughton MJ, VanderVeen S. 2011. Connecting religion and work: patterns and influences of work–faith integration. Hum. Relat. 64:675–701
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Lysova EI, Allan BA, Dik BJ, Duffy RD, Steger MF. 2019. Fostering meaningful work in organizations: a multi-level review and integration. J. Vocat. Behav. 110:374–89
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Menezes Montenegro T. 2017. Religiosity and corporate financial reporting: evidence from a European country. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 14:48–80
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Miller DW, Ewest T, Neubert MJ. 2019. Development of The Integration Profile (TIP) Faith and Work Integration Scale. J. Bus. Ethics 159:455–71
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Milliman J, Czaplewski AJ, Ferguson J. 2003. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. J. Organ. Change Manag. 16:426–47
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Milliman J, Gatling A, Kim J. 2018. The effect of workplace spirituality on hospitality employee engagement, intention to stay, and service delivery. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 35:56–65
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Mitroff II, Denton EA. 1999. A study of spirituality in the workplace. MIT Sloan Management Review July 15. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/a-study-of-spirituality-in-the-workplace
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Moon JW, Cohen AB, Laurin K, MacKinnon DP. 2023. Is religion special?. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 18:340–57
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Moran R. 2017. Workplace spirituality in law enforcement: a content analysis of the literature. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 14:343–64
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Nadesan MH. 1999. The discourses of corporate spiritualism and evangelical capitalism. Manag. Commun. Q. 13:3–42
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Nakonz J, Shik AWY. 2009. And all your problems are gone: religious coping strategies among Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong. Ment. Health Relig. Cult. 12:25–38
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Neal J, Altman Y, Mayrhofer W. 2022. The past, present and future of workplace spirituality. Workplace Spirituality: Making a Difference Y Altman, J Neal, W Mayrhofer 1–20 Berlin: de Gruyter
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Ng ECH. 2022. Embodying morality in management theory and practice: a Buddhist perspective. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 19:258–74
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Osman-Gani AM, Hashim J, Ismail Y. 2013. Establishing linkages between religiosity and spirituality on employee performance. Empl. Relat. 35:360–376
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Oyewunmi AE, Esho E, Oyewunmi Olabode A. 2021. Spiritual intelligence and employee outcomes in an African sample. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 18:151–171
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Paloutzian RF. 2016. Invitation to the Psychology of Religion. New York: Guilford, 3rd ed..
  91. Paloutzian RF, Park CL. 2013. Recent progress and core issues in the science of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality RF Paloutzian, CL Park 3–22 New York: Guilford, 2nd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Pandey A, Gupta RK, Arora AP. 2009. Spiritual climate of business organizations and its impact on customers’ experience. J. Bus. Ethics 88:313–32
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Park CL. 2010. Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychol. Bull. 136:257–301
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Park CL. 2012. Religious and spiritual aspects of meaning in the context of work life. See Hill & Dik 2012 25–42
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Park LS, Martinez LR. 2022. Fifty shades of pray: Faith diversity management approaches impact employee satisfaction, support perceptions, and turnover. J. Organ. Behav. 43:1103–20
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Patel SP, Cunningham CJL. 2012. Religion, resources, and work–family balance. Ment. Health Relig. Cult. 15:389–401
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Pawar BS. 2009. Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes: an empirical test of direct and interaction effects. Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J. 30:759–77
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Petchsawang P, Duchon D. 2012. Workplace spirituality, meditation, and work performance. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 9:189–208
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Petchsawang P, McLean GN. 2017. Workplace spirituality, mindfulness meditation, and work engagement. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 14:216–44
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Pew Res. Cent. 2017. The changing global religious landscape Rep. Pew Res. Cent. Washington, DC: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape
  101. Piedmont RL. 1999. Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five-factor model. J. Personal. 67:985–1013
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Purchase S, Ellis N, Mallett O, Theingi T. 2018. Religious social identities in the hybrid self-presentations of Sikh businesspeople. Br. J. Manag. 29:99–117
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Sav A. 2019. The role of religion in work–life interface. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 30:3223–44
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Schneider R, Coleman DC, Ecklund EH, Daniels D. 2022. How religious discrimination is perceived in the workplace: expanding the view. Socius 8: https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231211070920
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Sharabi M, Polin BA. 2020. Career motives according to degree of religiosity among Jewish students in Israel. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 17:139–58
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Sharma N, Singh RK. 2021. Workplace spirituality and organizational effectiveness: exploration of relationship and moderators. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 18:15–34
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Shin H, Vu MC, Burton N. 2022. Micro-processes of moral normative engagement with CSR tensions: the role of spirituality in justification work. J. Bus. Ethics 179:597–615
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Silberman I. 2005. Religion as a meaning system: implications for the new millennium. J. Soc. Issues 61:641–63
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Sitzmann T, Campbell EM. 2021. The hidden cost of prayer: religiosity and the gender wage gap. Acad. Manag. J. 64:1016–48
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Small E. 2020. How successful African-American male leaders in predominately White organizations integrate spirituality with leadership practice. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 17:184–208
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Smith BR, Lawson A, Jones J, Holcomb T, Minnich A. 2022. Trying to serve two masters is easy, compared to three: identity multiplicity work by Christian impact investors. J. Bus. Ethics 179:1053–70
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Steger MF, Dik BJ, Duffy RD. 2012. Measuring meaningful work: the Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI). J. Career Assess. 20:322–37
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Stewart WC, Seiple C, Hoover DR. 2020. Toward a global covenant of peaceable neighborhood: introducing the philosophy of covenantal pluralism. Rev. Faith Int. Aff. 18:1–17
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Tackney CT, Chappell S, Harris D, Pavlovich K, Egel E et al. 2017. Management, spirituality, and religion (MSR) ways and means: a paper to encourage quality research. J. Manag. Spirit. Relig. 14:245–54
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Tlaiss HA, Mendelson MB. 2014. Predicting women's job satisfaction with personal demographics: evidence from a Middle Eastern country. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 25:434–58
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Underwood LG. 2011. The daily spiritual experience scale: overview and results. Religions 2:29–50
     [Google Scholar]
  117. van der Walt F, de Klerk JJ. 2014. Workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 26:379–89
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Vu MC, Burton N. 2022. The influence of spiritual traditions on the interplay of subjective and normative interpretations of meaningful work. J. Bus. Ethics 180:543–66
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Worthington EL Jr., Wade NG, Hight TL, Ripley JS, McCullough ME et al. 2003. The Religious Commitment Inventory–10: development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. J. Couns. Psychol. 50:84–96
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Yeoman R, Bailey C, Madden A, Thompson M 2019. The Oxford Handbook of Meaningful Work Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  121. Yong J, Kim J, Park J, Seo I, Swinton J. 2011. Effects of a spirituality training program on the spiritual and psychosocial well-being of hospital middle manager nurses in Korea. J. Contin. Educ. Nurs. 42:280–88
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Zhang YU, Wu X, Wan X, Hayter M, Wu J et al. 2019. Relationship between burnout and intention to leave amongst clinical nurses: the role of spiritual climate. J. Nurs. Manag. 27:1285–93
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Zinnbauer BJ, Pargament KI. 2005. Religiousness and spirituality. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality RF Paloutzian, CL Park 21–42 New York: Guilford, 1st ed.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458
Loading
Religion, Spirituality, and the Workplace: A Review and Critique
Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 11, 279 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041458
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error