1932

Abstract

To prevent the intergenerational transfer of obesity and end the current epidemic, interventions are needed across the early life stages, from preconception to prenatal to infancy through the age of 2 years. The foundation for obesity is laid in early life by actions and interactions passed from parent to child that have long-lasting biologic and behavioral consequences. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best evidence about () factors in parents and offspring that promote obesity during the early life stages, () the social determinants and dimensions of obesity in early life, () promising and effective interventions for preventing obesity in early life, and () opportunities for future research into strategies to disrupt the intergenerational cycle of obesity that begins early in life. The pathway for halting the intergenerational obesity epidemic requires the discovery and development of evidence-based interventions that can act across multiple dimensions of influence on early life.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021859
2016-03-18
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/37/1/annurev-publhealth-032315-021859.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021859&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Agha M, Agha RA, Sandell J. 1.  2014. Interventions to reduce and prevent obesity in pre-conceptual and pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 9:e95132 [Google Scholar]
  2. Al Mamun A, Lawlor DA, Cramb S, O'Callaghan M, Williams G, Najman J. 2.  2007. Do childhood sleeping problems predict obesity in young adulthood? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 166:1368–73 [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson SE, Whitaker RC. 3.  2010. Household routines and obesity in US preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 125:420–28 [Google Scholar]
  4. Au CP, Raynes-Greenow CH, Turner RM, Carberry AE, Jeffery H. 4.  2013. Fetal and maternal factors associated with neonatal adiposity as measured by air displacement plethysmography: a large cross-sectional study. Early Hum. Dev. 89:839–43 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker JL, Michaelsen KF, Rasmussen KM, Sørensen TI. 5.  2004. Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80:1579–88 [Google Scholar]
  6. Barau G, Robillard PY, Hulsey T, Dedecker F, Laffite A. 6.  et al. 2006. Linear association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and risk of caesarean section in term deliveries. BJOG 113:1173–77 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bartok CJ, Ventura AK. 7.  2009. Mechanisms underlying the association between breastfeeding and obesity. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 4:196–204 [Google Scholar]
  8. Birch LL, Doub AE. 8.  2014. Learning to eat: birth to age 2 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99:723S–28S [Google Scholar]
  9. Birch LL, Fisher JO. 9.  1998. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 101:539–49 [Google Scholar]
  10. Birch LL, Ventura AK. 10.  2009. Preventing childhood obesity: what works?. Int. J. Obes. 33:Suppl. 1S74–81 [Google Scholar]
  11. Blumenshine P, Egerter S, Barclay CJ, Cubbin C, Braveman PA. 11.  2010. Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 39:263–72 [Google Scholar]
  12. Boeke CE, Mantzoros CS, Hughes MD, L Rifas-Shiman S, Villamor E. 12.  et al. 2013. Differential associations of leptin with adiposity across early childhood. Obesity 21:1430–37 [Google Scholar]
  13. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. 13.  2005. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 115:e290–96 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. 14.  2015. Gene–environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol. Rev. 95:47–82 [Google Scholar]
  15. Braveman P. 15.  2009. A health disparities perspective on obesity research. Prev. Chronic Dis. 6:A91 [Google Scholar]
  16. Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR. 16.  2011. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu. Rev. Public Health 32:381–98 [Google Scholar]
  17. Braveman P, Krieger N, Lynch J. 17.  2000. Health inequalities and social inequalities in health. Bull. World Health Organ. 78:232–34 discussion 234–35 [Google Scholar]
  18. Braveman PA. 18.  2003. Monitoring equity in health and healthcare: a conceptual framework. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 21:181–92 [Google Scholar]
  19. Braveman PA, Kumanyika S, Fielding J, Laveist T, Borrell LN. 19.  et al. 2011. Health disparities and health equity: the issue is justice. Am. J. Public Health 101:Suppl. 1S149–55 [Google Scholar]
  20. Brisbois T, Farmer A, McCargar L. 20.  2012. Early markers of adult obesity: a review. Obes. Rev. 13:347–67 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bygren LO. 21.  2013. Intergenerational health responses to adverse and enriched environments. Annu. Rev. Public Health 34:49–60 [Google Scholar]
  22. Catalano P, deMouzon SH. 22.  2015. Maternal obesity and metabolic risk to the offspring: why lifestyle interventions may have not achieved the desired outcomes. Int. J. Obes. 39642–49 [Google Scholar]
  23. Chiavaroli V, Giannini C, D'Adamo E, de Giorgis T, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. 23.  2009. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress in children born small and large for gestational age. Pediatrics 124:695–702 [Google Scholar]
  24. Cho I, Blaser MJ. 24.  2012. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13:260–70 [Google Scholar]
  25. Cole TJ, Power C, Moore GE. 25.  2008. Intergenerational obesity involves both the father and the mother. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:1535–36 author reply 36–37 [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. Comm. Evaluating Prog. Obes. Prev. Efforts 2013. Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts: A Plan for Measuring Progress. Washington, DC: IOM (Inst. Med.), Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. Comm. Obes. Prev. Policies Young Child 2011. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies. Washington, DC: IOM (Inst. Med.), Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  28. Coogan PE, Wise LA, Cozier YC, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. 28.  2012. Lifecourse educational status in relation to weight gain in African American women. Ethn. Dis. 22:198–206 [Google Scholar]
  29. Dalenius K, Borland E, Smith B, Polhamus B, Grummer-Strawn L. 29.  2012. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2010 Report Atlanta: US Depart. Health Hum. Serv., Cent. Dis. Control Prev. [Google Scholar]
  30. Das A. 30.  2013. How does race get “under the skin”? Inflammation, weathering, and metabolic problems in late life. Soc. Sci. Med. 77:75–83 [Google Scholar]
  31. de Barros MC, Lopes MA, Francisco RP, Sapienza AD, Zugaib M. 31.  2010. Resistance exercise and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 203:556.e1–e6 [Google Scholar]
  32. Dehlendorf C, Marchi K, Vittinghoff E, Braveman P. 32.  2010. Sociocultural determinants of teenage childbearing among Latinas in California. Matern. Child Health J. 14:194–201 [Google Scholar]
  33. Dixon B, Peña M-M, Taveras EM. 33.  2012. Lifecourse approach to racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity. Adv. Nutr. 3:73–82 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Robinson JS. 34.  2008. Dietary and lifestyle interventions to limit weight gain during pregnancy for obese or overweight women: a systematic review. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 87:702–6 [Google Scholar]
  35. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G. 35.  et al. 2010. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. PNAS 107:11971–75 [Google Scholar]
  36. Downs SM, Fraser SN, Storey KE, Forbes LE, Spence JC. 36.  et al. 2012. Geography influences dietary intake, physical activity and weight status of adolescents. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012:816834 [Google Scholar]
  37. Drake AJ, McPherson RC, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Lillycrop KA. 37.  et al. 2012. An unbalanced maternal diet in pregnancy associates with offspring epigenetic changes in genes controlling glucocorticoid action and foetal growth. Clin. Endocrinol. 77:808–15 [Google Scholar]
  38. Durmuş B, Kruithof CJ, Gillman MH, Willemsen SP, Hofman A. 38.  et al. 2011. Parental smoking during pregnancy, early growth, and risk of obesity in preschool children: the Generation R Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94:164–71 [Google Scholar]
  39. Elks CE, Loos RJ, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Ring SM. 39.  et al. 2010. Genetic markers of adult obesity risk are associated with greater early infancy weight gain and growth. PLOS Med. 7:e1000284 [Google Scholar]
  40. Evans-Campbell T. 40.  2008. Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: a multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. J. Interpers. Violence 23:316–38 [Google Scholar]
  41. Ezzahir N, Alberti C, Deghmoun S, Zaccaria I, Czernichow P. 41.  et al. 2005. Time course of catch-up in adiposity influences adult anthropometry in individuals who were born small for gestational age. Pediatr. Res. 58:243–47 [Google Scholar]
  42. Fein SB, Labiner-Wolfe J, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM. 42.  2008. Selected complementary feeding practices and their association with maternal education. Pediatrics 122:S91–97 [Google Scholar]
  43. Fisher S, Kim S, Sharma A, Rochat R, Morrow B. 43.  2013. Is obesity still increasing among pregnant women? Prepregnancy obesity trends in 20 states, 2003–2009. Prev. Med. 56:372–78 [Google Scholar]
  44. Funk K, LeBlanc E, Vesco K, Stevens V. 44.  2015. Women's attitudes towards a pre-conception healthy lifestyle programme. Clin. Obes. 5:67–71 [Google Scholar]
  45. Gillman MW. 45.  2011. Commentary: Breastfeeding and obesity—the 2011 scorecard. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40:681–84 [Google Scholar]
  46. Godfrey KM, Sheppard A, Gluckman PD, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. 46.  et al. 2011. Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child's later adiposity. Diabetes 60:1528–34 [Google Scholar]
  47. Golden SH, Brown A, Cauley JA, Chin MH, Gary-Webb TL. 47.  et al. 2012. Health disparities in endocrine disorders: biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors—an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97:E1579–639 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gortmaker SL, Dietz WH, Sobol AM, Wehler CA. 48.  1987. Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. Am. J. Dis. Child. 141:535–40 [Google Scholar]
  49. Grissom NM, Reyes TM. 49.  2013. Gestational overgrowth and undergrowth affect neurodevelopment: similarities and differences from behavior to epigenetics. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 31:406–14 [Google Scholar]
  50. Grote V, Schiess SA, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Giovannini M. 50.  et al. 2011. The introduction of solid food and growth in the first 2 y of life in formula-fed children: analysis of data from a European cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94:14 [Google Scholar]
  51. Grote V, Theurich M. 51.  2014. Complementary feeding and obesity risk. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 17:273–77 [Google Scholar]
  52. Guénard F, Deshaies Y, Cianflone K, Kral JG, Marceau P, Vohl M-C. 52.  2013. Differential methylation in glucoregulatory genes of offspring born before versus after maternal gastrointestinal bypass surgery. PNAS 110:11439–44 [Google Scholar]
  53. Haines J, McDonald J, O'Brien A, Sherry B, Bottino CJ. 53.  et al. 2013. Healthy Habits, Happy Homes: Randomized Trial to Improve Household Routines for Obesity Prevention Among Preschool-Aged Children. JAMA Pediatr. 167:1072–79 [Google Scholar]
  54. Haire-Joshu D. 54.  2014. Cancer prevention through policy interventions that alter childhood disparities in energy balance. Impact of Energy Balance on Cancer Disparities DJ Bowen, GV Denis, NA Berger 283–303 Basel: Springer Int. [Google Scholar]
  55. Haire-Joshu D, Yount BW, Budd EL, Schwarz C, Schermbeck R. 55.  et al. 2011. The quality of school wellness policies and energy-balance behaviors of adolescent mothers. Prev. Chronic Dis. 8:A34 [Google Scholar]
  56. Hawkins M, Hosker M, Marcus B, Rosal M, Braun B. 56.  et al. 2015. A pregnancy lifestyle intervention to prevent gestational diabetes risk factors in overweight Hispanic women: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Diabet. Med. 32:108–15 [Google Scholar]
  57. Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. 57.  1993. Intake and growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants in relation to the timing of introduction of complementary foods: the DARLING study. Acta Paediatr. 82:999–1006 [Google Scholar]
  58. Herring SJ, Oken E. 58.  2011. Obesity and diabetes in mothers and their children: Can we stop the intergenerational cycle?. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 11:20–27 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hillemeier MM, Downs DS, Feinberg ME, Weisman CS, Chuang CH. 59.  et al. 2008. Improving women's preconceptional health: findings from a randomized trial of the Strong Healthy Women intervention in the Central Pennsylvania women's health study. Women's Health Issues 18:S87–96 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hochberg Ze, Feil R, Constancia M, Fraga M, Junien C. 60.  et al. 2010. Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr. Rev. 32:159–224 [Google Scholar]
  61. Hopkins SA, Baldi JC, Cutfield WS, McCowan L, Hofman PL. 61.  2010. Exercise training in pregnancy reduces offspring size without changes in maternal insulin sensitivity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95:2080–88 [Google Scholar]
  62. Huh SY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Taveras EM, Oken E, Gillman MW. 62.  2011. Timing of solid food introduction and risk of obesity in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 127:e544–51 [Google Scholar]
  63. Jodar M, Selvaraju S, Sendler E, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA. 63.  2013. The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs. Hum. Reprod. Update 19:604–24 [Google Scholar]
  64. Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, Cordero JF, Atrash HK. 64.  et al. 2006. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care—United States. A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 55:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  65. Jolin EM, Weller RA. 65.  2011. Television viewing and its impact on childhood behaviors. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 13:122–28 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kelishadi R, Poursafa P. 66.  2014. A review on the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle aspects of the early-life origins of cardiovascular disease. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care 44:54–72 [Google Scholar]
  67. Kleinman RE, Greer FR. 67.  2013. Pediatric Nutrition Elk Grove Village, IL: Am. Acad. Pediatr. [Google Scholar]
  68. Knutson KL. 68.  2013. Sociodemographic and cultural determinants of sleep deficiency: implications for cardiometabolic disease risk. Soc. Sci. Med. 79:7–15 [Google Scholar]
  69. Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Vanilovich I, Sevkovskaya Z. 69.  et al. 2004. Feeding effects on growth during infancy. J. Pediatr. 145:600–5 [Google Scholar]
  70. Kuhl ES, Clifford LM, Stark LJ. 70.  2012. Obesity in preschoolers: behavioral correlates and directions for treatment. Obesity 20:3–29 [Google Scholar]
  71. Kuzawa CW, Sweet E. 71.  2009. Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21:2–15 [Google Scholar]
  72. Laitinen J, Jääskeläinen A, Hartikainen AL, Sovio U, Vääräsmäki M. 72.  et al. 2012. Maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy and offspring obesity at 16 years: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 119:716–23 [Google Scholar]
  73. Lambourne K, Donnelly JE. 73.  2011. The role of physical activity in pediatric obesity. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 58:1481–91 [Google Scholar]
  74. Laraia BA, Siega-Riz AM, Gundersen C. 74.  2010. Household food insecurity is associated with self-reported pregravid weight status, gestational weight gain, and pregnancy complications. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 110:692–701 [Google Scholar]
  75. Laraia BA, Siega-Riz AM, Gundersen C, Dole N. 75.  2006. Psychosocial factors and socioeconomic indicators are associated with household food insecurity among pregnant women. J. Nutr. 136:177–82 [Google Scholar]
  76. Larson N, Ward DS, Neelon SB, Story M. 76.  2011. What role can child-care settings play in obesity prevention? A review of the evidence and call for research efforts. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 111:1343–62 [Google Scholar]
  77. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. 77.  2006. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444:1022–23 [Google Scholar]
  78. Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Plomin R, Fisher A, Wardle J. 78.  2012. Inherited behavioral susceptibility to adiposity in infancy: a multivariate genetic analysis of appetite and weight in the Gemini birth cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95:633–39 [Google Scholar]
  79. Loprinzi PD, Cardinal BJ, Loprinzi KL, Lee H. 79.  2012. Benefits and environmental determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents. Obes. Facts 5:597–610 [Google Scholar]
  80. Love C, David RJ, Rankin KM, Collins JW Jr. 80.  2010. Exploring weathering: effects of lifelong economic environment and maternal age on low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth in African-American and white women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 172:127–34 [Google Scholar]
  81. Lumeng JC, Taveras EM, Birch L, Yanovski SZ. 81.  2015. Prevention of obesity in infancy and early childhood: a National Institutes of Health workshop. JAMA Pediatr. 169:484–90 [Google Scholar]
  82. Lumey LH, Stein AD, Susser E. 82.  2011. Prenatal famine and adult health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 32:237–62 [Google Scholar]
  83. Mamun AA, O'Callaghan M, Callaway L, Williams G, Najman J, Lawlor DA. 83.  2009. Associations of gestational weight gain with offspring body mass index and blood pressure at 21 years of age: evidence from a birth cohort study. Circulation 119:1720–27 [Google Scholar]
  84. Martin RM, Patel R, Kramer MS, Guthrie L, Vilchuck K. 84.  et al. 2013. Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on adiposity and insulin-like growth factor-I at age 11.5 years: a randomized trial. JAMA 309:1005–13 [Google Scholar]
  85. May AL, Freedman D, Sherry B, Blanck HM. 85.  2013. Obesity: United States, 1999–2010. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 62:Suppl. 3120–28 [Google Scholar]
  86. Mennella JA. 86.  2014. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology and implications for health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99:704S–11S [Google Scholar]
  87. Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK. 87.  2001. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics 107:E88 [Google Scholar]
  88. Merzouk H, Madani S, Korso N, Bouchenak M, Prost J, Belleville J. 88.  2000. Maternal and fetal serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and compositions in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: relationship with maternal glycemic control. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 136:441–48 [Google Scholar]
  89. Monasta L, Batty GD, Cattaneo A, Lutje V, Ronfani L. 89.  et al. 2010. Early-life determinants of overweight and obesity: a review of systematic reviews. Obes. Rev. 11:695–708 [Google Scholar]
  90. Moss BG, Yeaton WH. 90.  2011. Young children's weight trajectories and associated risk factors: results from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. Am. J. Health Promot. 25:190–98 [Google Scholar]
  91. Mottola MF, Giroux I, Gratton R, Hammond J-A, Hanley A. 91.  et al. 2010. Nutrition and exercise prevent excess weight gain in overweight pregnant women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42:265 [Google Scholar]
  92. Mourtakos SP, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Antonogeorgos G, Arnaoutis G. 92.  et al. 2015. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5,125 children. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15:66 [Google Scholar]
  93. Muhlhausler BS, Gugusheff JR, Ong ZY, Vithayathil MA. 93.  2013. Nutritional approaches to breaking the intergenerational cycle of obesity. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 91:421–28 [Google Scholar]
  94. Must A, Parisi SM. 94.  2009. Sedentary behavior and sleep: paradoxical effects in association with childhood obesity. Int. J. Obes. 33:Suppl. 1S82–86 [Google Scholar]
  95. Nader PR, Huang TT, Gahagan S, Kumanyika S, Hammond RA, Christoffel KK. 95.  2012. Next steps in obesity prevention: altering early life systems to support healthy parents, infants, and toddlers. Child. Obes. 8:195–204 [Google Scholar]
  96. Nehring I, Lehmann S, Kries R. 96.  2013. Gestational weight gain in accordance to the IOM/NRC criteria and the risk for childhood overweight: a meta-analysis. Pediatr. Obes. 8:218–24 [Google Scholar]
  97. Nevarez MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. 97.  2010. Associations of early life risk factors with infant sleep duration. Acad. Pediatr. 10:187–93 [Google Scholar]
  98. Ng S-F, Lin RC, Laybutt DR, Barres R, Owens JA, Morris MJ. 98.  2010. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 467:963–66 [Google Scholar]
  99. Oddo VM, Jones-Smith JC. 99.  2015. Gains in income during early childhood are associated with decreases in BMI z scores among children in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101:1225–31 [Google Scholar]
  100. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. 100.  2014. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 311:806–14 [Google Scholar]
  101. Oken E, Levitan E, Gillman M. 101.  2008. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. 32:201–10 [Google Scholar]
  102. Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, Willett WC, Knudsen VK, Gillman MW. 102.  et al. 2007. Milk consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased infant size at birth: prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86:1104–10 [Google Scholar]
  103. Öst A, Lempradl A, Casas E, Weigert M, Tiko T. 103.  et al. 2014. Paternal diet defines offspring chromatin state and intergenerational obesity. Cell 159:1352–64 [Google Scholar]
  104. Ounsted M, Sleigh G. 104.  1975. The infant's self-regulation of food intake and weight gain: difference in metabolic balance after growth constraint or acceleration in utero. Lancet 305:1393–97 [Google Scholar]
  105. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG. 105.  2005. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics 115:1367–77 [Google Scholar]
  106. Paliy O, Piyathilake CJ, Kozyrskyj A, Celep G, Marotta F, Rastmanesh R. 106.  2014. Excess body weight during pregnancy and offspring obesity: potential mechanisms. Nutrition 30:245–51 [Google Scholar]
  107. Parker M, Rifas-Shiman SL, Belfort MB, Taveras EM, Oken E. 107.  et al. 2011. Gestational glucose tolerance and cord blood leptin levels predict slower weight gain in early infancy. J. Pediatr. 158:227–33 [Google Scholar]
  108. Perrine CG, Galuska DA, Dohack JL, Shealy KR, Murphy PE. 108.  et al. 2014. Vital signs: improvements in maternity care policies and practices that support breastfeeding—United States, 2007–2013. MMWR 64:1112–17 [Google Scholar]
  109. Phimister EG, Ozanne SE. 109.  2015. Epigenetic signatures of obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 372:973–74 [Google Scholar]
  110. Pledger AB. 110.  2015. Exploring the experiences of pregnant women using an NHS stop smoking service: a qualitative study. Perspect. Public Health 135:138–44 [Google Scholar]
  111. Power C, Kuh D, Morton S. 111.  2013. From developmental origins of adult disease to life course research on adult disease and aging: insights from birth cohort studies. Annu. Rev. Public Health 34:7–28 [Google Scholar]
  112. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Ma S. 112.  2012. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: association with chronic disruption, sleep deprivation, and melatonin suppression. Ann. Med. 44:564–77 [Google Scholar]
  113. Rietmeijer-Mentink M, Paulis WD, van Middelkoop M, Bindels PJ, van der Wouden JC. 113.  2013. Difference between parental perception and actual weight status of children: a systematic review. Matern. Child Nutr. 9:3–22 [Google Scholar]
  114. Ronnberg A, Nilsson K. 114.  2010. Interventions during pregnancy to reduce excessive gestational weight gain: a systematic review assessing current clinical evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. BJOG 117:1327–34 [Google Scholar]
  115. Saavedra JM, Deming D, Dattilo A, Reidy K. 115.  2013. Lessons from the feeding infants and toddlers study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 62:Suppl. 327–36 [Google Scholar]
  116. Samuel J, Anderson TA, Nelson SE. 116.  1975. Influence of formula concentration on caloric intake and growth of normal infants. Acta Paediatr. 64:172–81 [Google Scholar]
  117. Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. 117.  2007. Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence. J. Law Med. Ethics 35:22–34 [Google Scholar]
  118. Schack-Nielsen L, Michaelsen KF, Gamborg M, Mortensen EL, Sorensen TI. 118.  2010. Gestational weight gain in relation to offspring body mass index and obesity from infancy through adulthood. Int. J. Obes. 34:67–74 [Google Scholar]
  119. Schmidt ME, Rich M, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Taveras EM. 119.  2009. Television viewing in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics 123:e370–75 [Google Scholar]
  120. Shirazian T, Monteith S, Friedman F, Rebarber A. 120.  2010. Lifestyle modification program decreases pregnancy weight gain in obese women. Am. J. Perinatol. 27:411–14 [Google Scholar]
  121. Shrewsbury V, Wardle J. 121.  2008. Socioeconomic status and adiposity in childhood: a systematic review of cross-sectional studies 1990–2005. Obesity 16:275–84 [Google Scholar]
  122. Shutts K, Kinzler KD, DeJesus JM. 122.  2013. Understanding infants' and children's social learning about foods: previous research and new prospects. Dev. Psychol. 49:419–25 [Google Scholar]
  123. Singhal A. 123.  2010. Does early growth affect long-term risk factors for cardiovascular disease?. Nestle Nutr. Workshop Ser. Pediatr. Program 65:55–64 [Google Scholar]
  124. Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Wendy B, Ziegler PJ. 124.  2002. Children's food preferences: a longitudinal analysis. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102:1638–47 [Google Scholar]
  125. Soubry A, Hoyo C, Jirtle RL, Murphy SK. 125.  2014. A paternal environmental legacy: evidence for epigenetic inheritance through the male germ line. BioEssays 36:359–71 [Google Scholar]
  126. Steiner JE, Glaser D, Hawilo ME, Berridge KC. 126.  2001. Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25:53–74 [Google Scholar]
  127. Stewart CP, Christian P, Schulze KJ, Arguello M, LeClerq SC. 127.  et al. 2011. Low maternal vitamin B-12 status is associated with offspring insulin resistance regardless of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural Nepal. J. Nutr. 141:1912–17 [Google Scholar]
  128. Stifter CA, Anzman-Frasca S, Birch LL, Voegtline K. 128.  2011. Parent use of food to soothe infant/toddler distress and child weight status: an exploratory study. Appetite 57:693–99 [Google Scholar]
  129. Streuling I, Beyerlein A, Rosenfeld E, Hofmann H, Schulz T, Von Kries R. 129.  2011. Physical activity and gestational weight gain: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. BJOG 118:278–84 [Google Scholar]
  130. Streuling I, Beyerlein A, von Kries R. 130.  2010. Can gestational weight gain be modified by increasing physical activity and diet counseling? A meta-analysis of interventional trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:678–87 [Google Scholar]
  131. Sutherland G, Brown S, Yelland J. 131.  2013. Applying a social disparities lens to obesity in pregnancy to inform efforts to intervene. Midwifery 29:338–43 [Google Scholar]
  132. Taveras EM, Gillman MW, Kleinman K, Rich-Edwards JW, Rifas-Shiman SL. 132.  2010. Racial/ethnic differences in early-life risk factors for childhood obesity. Pediatrics 125:686–95 [Google Scholar]
  133. Temel S, van Voorst SF, Jack BW, Denktaş S, Steegers EA. 133.  2014. Evidence-based preconceptional lifestyle interventions. Epidemiol. Rev. 36:19–30 [Google Scholar]
  134. Thompson AL. 134.  2013. Intergenerational impact of maternal obesity and postnatal feeding practices on pediatric obesity. Nutr. Rev. 71:S55–61 [Google Scholar]
  135. Thompson AL, Mendez MA, Borja JB, Adair LS, Zimmer CR, Bentley ME. 135.  2009. Development and validation of the infant feeding style questionnaire. Appetite 53:210–21 [Google Scholar]
  136. Tsai PJ, Yu CH, Hsu SP, Lee YH, Chiou CH. 136.  et al. 2004. Cord plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin in healthy term neonates: positive correlation with birthweight and neonatal adiposity. Clin. Endocrinol. 61:88–93 [Google Scholar]
  137. Vandewater EA, Rideout VJ, Wartella EA, Huang X, Lee JH, Shim M-S. 137.  2007. Digital childhood: electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics 119:e1006–15 [Google Scholar]
  138. Wasser H, Bentley M, Borja J, Goldman BD, Thompson A. 138.  et al. 2011. Infants perceived as “fussy” are more likely to receive complementary foods before 4 months. Pediatrics 127:229–37 [Google Scholar]
  139. Waterland RA. 139.  2014. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 34:337–55 [Google Scholar]
  140. Weisman CS, Hillemeier MM, Downs DS, Feinberg ME, Chuang CH. 140.  et al. 2011. Improving women's preconceptional health: long-term effects of the Strong Healthy Women behavior change intervention in the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study. Women's Health Issues 21:265–71 [Google Scholar]
  141. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. 141.  2013. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1281:123–40 [Google Scholar]
  142. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. 142.  1997. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:869–73 [Google Scholar]
  143. Woolf SH, Braveman P. 143.  2011. Where health disparities begin: the role of social and economic determinants—and why current policies may make matters worse. Health Aff. 30:1852–59 [Google Scholar]
  144. Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X. 144.  2013. Pre-pregnancy body mass index in relation to infant birth weight and offspring overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 8:e61627 [Google Scholar]
  145. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. 145.  2007. Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 161:473–79 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021859
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021859
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error