1932

Abstract

Because schools materially influence both health and education, they substantially determine the future well-being and economic productivity of populations. Recent research suggests that healthier children learn better and that more educated adults are healthier. School health is a cross-disciplinary field of study and a fundamental strategy that can be used to improve both health and education outcomes. Modern school health programs include 10 interactive components: health education; physical education and physical activity; nutrition environment and services; health services; counseling, psychological, and social services; physical environment; social and emotional climate; family engagement; community involvement; and employee wellness. This review is written for both health and education audiences. It integrates recent research and developments in relationships among health, education, and economic outcomes; health and education systems; the school health program, its components, and their effectiveness; cross-disciplinary collaboration; local, state, national, and international infrastructures and strategies; implementation science; and relevant academic research, training, and service.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727
2019-04-01
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/40/1/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    AAP (Am. Acad. Pediatr.). 2013. Role of the school physician. Pediatrics 131:178–82
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    AAP (Am. Acad. Pediatr.). 2016. Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics 137: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0852
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    AAP (Am. Acad. Pediatr.)., APHA (Am. Public Health Assoc.), NRCKIDS (Natl. Resour. Cent. Health Saf. Child Care Early Educ.). 2011. Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance StandardsGuidelines for Early Care and Education Programs Itasca, IL/Washington, DC/Aurora, CO: AAP/APHA/NRCKIDS, 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    AHG (Alliance Health. Gener.), HSC (Healthy Sch. Campaign). 2017. State ESSA plans to support student health and wellness: a framework for action, 3rd ed. Rep., AHG New York: https://healthyschoolscampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ESSA-State-Framework.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Am. Cancer Soc. 1993. National action plan for comprehensive school health education. J. Sch. Health 63:46–66
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    ASCD, Int. Sch. Health Netw. 2015. Statement for the Integration of health and education Statement, ASCD Alexandria, VA: http://www.wholechildeducation.org/about/globalschoolhealthstatement
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    ASTHO (Assoc. State Territ. Health Offic.). 2018. Public health access to student health data: authorities and limitations in sharing information between schools and public health agencies Issue Brief, ASTHO, Arlington, VA. http://www.astho.org/Programs/Preparedness/Public-Health-Emergency-Law/Public-Health-and-Schools-Toolkit/Public-Health-Access-to-Student-Health-Data/
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Barrios LC, Davis MK, Kann L, Desai S, Mercy JA 2001. School health guidelines to prevent unintentional injuries and violence. MMWR 50:RR221–46
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Basch CE 2010. Healthier students are better learners: a missing link in school reforms to close the achievement gap Equity Matters Res. Rev. 6, Columbia Univ. Teach. Coll. Cent. Educ. Equity New York: http://www.centerforeducationalequity.org/publications/expanding-opportunity-comprehensive-strategies-for-improving-education/12558_EquityMattersVol6_WebFINAL.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Berg J, Osher D, Moroney D, Yoder N 2017. The intersection of school climate and social and emotional development Rep., Am Inst. Res Washington, DC: https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/Intersection-School-Climate-and-Social-and-Emotional-Development-February-2017.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Berg J, Osher D, Same MR, Nolan E, Benson D, Jacobs N 2017. Identifying, defining, and measuring social and emotional competencies: final report Rep., Am. Inst. Res Washington, DC: http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/Identifying-Defining-and-Measuring-Social-and-Emotional-Competencies-December-2017-rev.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Bethell CD, Newacheck P, Hawes E, Halfon N 2014. Adverse childhood experiences: assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience. Health Aff 33:2106–15
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Cowgill BO, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J et al. 2016. Two-year BMI outcomes from a school-based intervention for nutrition and exercise: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 137:e20152493
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Braveman P, Gottlieb L 2014. The social determinants of health: It's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health. Rep. 129:Suppl. 219–31
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK 2018. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health: Translating Science to Practice Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Brownson RC, Fielding JE, Green LW 2018. Building capacity for evidence-based public health: reconciling the pulls of practice and the push of research. Annu. Rev. Public Health 39:27–53
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Burkhardt JT, Schröter DC, Magura S, Means SN, Coryn CL 2015. An overview of evidence-based program registers (EBPRs) for behavioral health. Eval. Progr. Plan. 48:92–99
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2008. A CDC review of school laws and policies concerning child and adolescent health. J. Sch. Health 78:69–128
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2009. School connectedness: strategies for increasing protective factors among youth Rep., CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/connectedness.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2011. School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity MMWR Rep 605 CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/npao/pdf/mmwr-school-health-guidelines.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2012. Parent engagement: strategies for involving parents in school health Rep., CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/parent_engagement/pdf/parent_engagement_strategies.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2015. Components of the whole school, whole community, whole child (WSCC). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/wscc/components.htm Offers a definition for each component of the school health program.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2015. Comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/cspap.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2016. Comprehensive framework for addressing the school nutrition environment and services Pam., CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/nutrition/pdf/School_Nutrition_Framework_508tagged.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2016. For immunization managers—state vaccination requirements. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2016. Health in All Policies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hiap/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2017. Health and academics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2017. The public health system and 10 essential public health services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2017. Registries of programs effective in reducing youth risk behaviors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/adolescenthealth/registries.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2017. SHPPS resultsfull report: results from the School Health Policies and Practices Study 2016 Rep., CDC Atlanta: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/shpps/results.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2018. Out of school time. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/ost.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2018. The whole school, whole community, whole child (WSCC) model. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/wscc/model.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    CDC (US Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2018. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/index.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Coalit. Community Sch. (CCS). 2018. What is a community school?. Coalition for Community Schools http://www.communityschools.org/aboutschools/what_is_a_community_school.aspx
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Corbin JH, Jones J, Barry MM 2018. What makes intersectoral partnerships for health promotion work? A review of the international literature. Health Promot. Int. 33:4–26
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Cowan KC, Vaillancourt K, Rossen E, Pollitt K 2013. A framework for safe and successful schools Rep., Natl. Assoc. Sch. Psychol Bethesda, MD: https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources/school-safety-and-crisis/a-framework-for-safe-and-successful-schools
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Cullen KW, Chen T-A 2017. The contribution of the USDA school breakfast and lunch program meals to student daily dietary intake. Prev. Med. Rep. 5:82–85
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    DHPE (Dir. Health Promot. Educ.). 2007. School employee wellness: a guide for protecting the assets of our nation's schools Rep., DHPE Washington, DC: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.dhpe.org/resource/group/75a95e00-448d-41c5-8226-0d20f29787de/Downloadable_Materials/EntireGuide.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Durlak J, Weissberg R, Dymnicki A, Taylor R, Schellinger KB 2011. The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Dev 82:405–32
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    ED (US Dep. Educ.). 2017. Children and youth with disabilities. The condition of education 2017 Rep., ED Washington, DC: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/Indicator_CGG/coe_cgg_2017_05.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    ED (US Dep. Educ.). 2017. Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). US Department of Education https://www.ed.gov/esea
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    ED (US Dep. Educ.). 2018. 201516 civil rights data collectionschool climate and safety Rep., ED Washington, DC: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/school-climate-and-safety.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 42a. 
    ED (US Dep. Educ.). 2018. Final report of the Federal Commission on School Safety Rep., ED, Washington, DC. https://www2.ed.gov/documents/school-safety/school-safety-report.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 43. 
    ED (US Dep. Educ.). 2018. Student privacy 101: student privacy at the U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education. https://studentprivacy.ed.gov/
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 44. 
    Eitland E, Klingensmith L, MacNaughton P, Cedeno Laurent J, Spengler J et al. 2017. Schools for health: foundations for student success Rep., Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Cambridge, MA: https://schools.forhealth.org/Harvard.Schools_For_Health.Foundations_for_Student_Success.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 45. 
    Filardo M 2016. State of our schools: America's K12 facilities 2016 Rep., 21st Century Sch. Fund Washington, DC: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED581630.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 46. 
    Fiscella K, Kitzman H 2009. Disparities in academic achievement and health: the intersection of child education and health policy. Pediatrics 123:1073–80
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 47. 
    Frieden TR 2010. A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am. J. Public Health 100:590–95
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 48. 
    Frisvold DE 2015. Nutrition and cognitive achievement: an evaluation of the School Breakfast Program. J. Public Econ. 124:91–104
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 49. 
    Gallup. 2014. State of America's schools: the path to winning again in education Rep., Gallup Washington, DC: https://www.gallup.com/services/178709/state-america-schools-report.aspx
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 50. 
    Gereige R, Dabrow S 2016. School health and medical education. School Health: Policy and Practice RS Gereige, EA Zenni 23–34 Itasca, IL: Am. Acad. Pediatr, 7th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 51. 
    Golden SD, McLeroy KR, Green LW, Earp JA, Lieberman LD 2015. Upending the social ecological model to guide health promotion efforts toward policy and environmental change. Health Educ. Behav. 42:Suppl. 18S–14S
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 52. 
    Greenberg MT, Brown JL, Abenavoli RM 2016. Teacher stress and health: effects on teachers, students, and schools Issue Brief, Robert Wood Johnson Found Princeton, NJ: https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2016/rwjf430428
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 53. 
    Hafner M, Stepanek M, Troxel W 2017. Later school start times in the U.S.: an economic analysis Rep., Rand Corp Santa Monica, CA: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2109.html
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 54. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 55. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 1998. Executive summary. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century2 Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 56. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 2004. Education systems. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion142–66 Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 57. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 2007. Nutrition related health concerns, dietary intakes, and eating behaviors of children and adolescents. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth29–72 Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 58. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 2015. Exploring Opportunities for Collaboration Between Health and Education to Improve Population Health: Workshop Summary Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 59. 
    IOM (Inst. Med.). 2015. Vital Signs: Core Metrics for Health and Health Care Progress Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 60. 
    Janssen I, Leblanc AG 2010. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7:40
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 61. 
    Jones D, Greenberg M, Crowley M 2015. Early social-emotional functioning and public health: the relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. Am. J. Public Health 105:2283–90
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 62. 
    Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH et al. 2018. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 67:SS-81–114
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 63. 
    Kase C, Hoover S, Boyd G, West KD, Dubenitz J et al. 2017. Educational outcomes associated with school behavioral health interventions: a review of the literature. J. Sch. Health 87:554–62
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 64. 
    Kern L, Mathur SR, Albrecht SF, Poland S, Rozalski M, Skiba RJ 2017. The need for school-based mental health services and recommendations for implementation. Sch. Ment. Health 9:205–17
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 65. 
    Kim JY 2018. Eliminating poverty in the 21st century: the role of health and human capital. JAMA 320:1427–28
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 66. 
    Kolbe LJ 2005. A framework for school health programs in the 21st century. J. Sch. Health 75:226–28
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 67. 
    Kolbe LJ 2015. On national strategies to improve both education and health—an open letter. J. Sch. Health 85:1–7
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 68. 
    Kolbe LJ, Allensworth DD, Potts-Datema W, White DR 2015. What have we learned from collaborative partnerships to concomitantly improve both education and health?. J. Sch. Health 85:766–74
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 69. 
    Kolbe LJ, Hunt H, Ben Abdelaziz F 2019. Planning efforts to help schools prevent noncommunicable diseases: integrating local, state, national, and international efforts. Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation L Green, M Kreuter, D Peterson, A Gielen Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 5th ed. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 70. 
    Kolbe LJ, Rixey S 2015. Will health and education agencies help each other?. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 21:519–22
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 71. 
    Maier A, Daniel J, Oakes J, Lam L 2017. Community schools as an effective school improvement strategy: a review of the evidence Rep., Learn. Policy Inst., Palo Alto, CA. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/Community_Schools_Effective_REPORT.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 72. 
    Michael SL, Merlo CL, Basch CE, Wentzel KR, Wechsler H 2015. Critical connections: health and academics. J. Sch. Health 85:740–58
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 73. 
    Morse LL, Allensworth D 2015. Placing students at the center: the whole school, whole community, whole child model. J. Sch. Health 85:785–94
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 74. 
    Musu-Gillette L, Zhang A, Wang K, Zhang J, Oudekerk BA 2017. Indicators of school crime and safety 2016 NCES 2017-064 Rep., Natl. Cent. Educ. Stat Washington, DC: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017064.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 75. 
    NACDD (Natl. Assoc. Chronic Dis. Dir.). 2009. Partnering for success: how health departments work and how to work with health departments Rep., NACDD Decatur, GA: http://nacddarchive.org/nacdd-initiatives/school-health/publications/Partnering-for-Success/SHC_HHDWFinal2009
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 76. 
    NACDD (Natl. Assoc. Chronic Dis. Dir.). 2013. Speaking education's language: a guide for public health professionals working in the education sector Rep., NACDD, Decatur, GA https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.chronicdisease.org/resource/resmgr/school_health/nacdd_educationsector_guide_.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 77. 
    NACDD (Natl. Assoc. Chronic Dis. Dir.). 2016. A guide for incorporating health and wellness into school improvement plans Rep., NACDD, Decatur, GA https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.chronicdisease.org/resource/resmgr/school_health/NACDD_SIP_Guide_2016.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 78. 
    NACDD (Natl. Assoc. Chronic Dis. Dir.).2018 Healthy school, healthy staff, healthy students: a guide to improving school employee wellness Rep., NACDD, Decatur, GA https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.chronicdisease.org/resource/resmgr/school_health/school_employee_wellness/nacdd_schoolemployeewellness.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 79. 
    NASN (Natl. Assoc. Sch. Nurses). 2016. Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice. NASN Sch. Nurse 31:145–53
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 80. 
    Natl. Child Trauma. Stress Netw. 2017. Creating, supporting, and sustaining trauma-informed schools: a system framework Rep., Natl. Cent. Child Trauma Stress, Los Angeles/Durham, NC: https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//creating_supporting_sustaining_trauma_informed_schools_a_systems_framework.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 81. 
    NCES (US Natl. Cent. Educ. Stat.). 2017. Back to school statistics for 2017. National Center for Education Statistics https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 82. 
    NCES (US Natl. Cent. Educ. Stat.). 2017. The condition of education 2017 at a glance Rep., NCES Washington, DC: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017144_AtAGlance.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 83. 
    NPAPA (Natl. Phys. Act. Plan Alliance). 2016. The 2016 United States report card on physical activity for children and youth Rep., NPAPA Columbia, SC: http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/reportcard/2016FINAL_USReportCard.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 84. 
    OECD (Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev.). 2016. Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 results in focus Rep., OECD Paris: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 85. 
    Paulson J, Barnett C 2016. Public health stops at the school house door. Environ. Health Perspect. 124:A171–75
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 86. 
    Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Pastor P, Ghandour RM et al. 2013. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005–2011. MMWR 62:Suppl. 21–35
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 87. 
    Powers SG, Flint S 2016. Labor productivity growth in elementary and secondary school services: 1989–2012. Monthly Labor Review June. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/labor-productivity-growth-in-elementary-and-secondary-school-services.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 88. 
    Public Health Law Cent. 2015. Building healthy schools: health impact assessment on planning school construction projects in Minnesota Rep., Public Health Law Cent. Mitchell Hamline Sch. Law., St. Paul, MN. http://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/HIA%20-%20Building%20Healthy%20Schools_0.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 89. 
    Pudelski S 2017. Cutting Medicaid: a prescription to hurt the neediest kids Rep., AASA Alexandria, VA: http://aasa.org/uploadedFiles/Policy_and_Advocacy/Resources/medicaid.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 90. 
    Rasberry CN, Lee SM, Robin L, Laris BA, Russell LA et al. 2011. The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: a systematic review of the literature. Prev. Med. 52:Suppl.S10–20
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 91. 
    Rasberry CN, Tiu GF, Kann L, McManus T, Michael SL et al. 2017. Health-related behaviors and academic achievement among high school students—United States, 2015. MMWR 66:921–27
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 92. 
    Sanders MG 2003. Community involvement in schools: from concept to practice. Educ. Urban Soc. 35:161–80
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 93. 
    Sauter S, Murphy L, Colligan M, Swanson N, Hurrell J et al. 1999. Stress…at work NIOSH Publ 99–101 Natl. Inst. Occup. Saf. Health (NIOSH) Washington, DC: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/default.html
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 94. 
    SBHA (Sch.-Based Health Alliance). 2018. National school-based health care census. School-Based Health Alliance https://www.sbh4all.org/school-health-care/national-census-of-school-based-health-centers/
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 95. 
    SOPHE (Soc. Public Health Educ.). 2017. Health education and the Every Student Succeeds Act Policy Brief, SOPHE Washington, DC: https://www.sophe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ESSA-Policy-Brief.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 96. 
    Stokols D, Hall KL, Taylor BK, Moser RP 2008. The science of team science: overview of the field and introduction to the supplement. Am. J. Prev. Med. 35:2 Suppl.S77–89
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 97. 
    Tang KC, Nutbeam D, Aldinger C, St. Leger L, Bundy D et al. 2009. Schools for health, education, and development: a call for action. Health Promot. Int. 24:68–77
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 98. 
    Taub A, Allegrante JP, Barry MP, Sakagami K 2009. Perspectives on terminology and conceptual and professional issues in health education and health promotion credentialing. Health Educ. Behav. 36:439–50
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 99. 
    Taub A, Goekler S, Auld E, Birch D, Muller S, Wengert D, Allegrante JP 2014. Accreditation of professional preparation programs for school health educators: the changing landscape. Health Educ. Behav. 41:349–58
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 100. 
    Transport. Res. Board. 2002. The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 101. 
    UNESCO (UN Educ. Sci. Cult. Organ.). 2016. UNESCO strategy on education for health and well-being: contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals Rep., UNESCO Paris: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246453e.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 102. 
    UNESCO (UN Educ. Sci. Cult. Organ.). 2017. Education: enrolment by level of education, primary education and secondary education, both sexes Database, UNESCO Inst. Stat (UIS), retrieved Oct. 13, 2018. http://data.uis.unesco.org/ Lists enrollment by level of education; sum of world enrollment in primary education—both sexes (746,284,923), plus enrollment in secondary education—both sexes (590,725,243), equals 1.337 billion students.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 103. 
    UNICEF (UN Int. Child. Emerg. Fund). 2009. Child friendly schools manual Rep., UNICEF New York: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Child_Friendly_Schools_Manual_EN_040809.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 104. 
    USDA (US Dep. Agric.). 2017. Team nutrition—local school wellness policy. US Department of Agriculture https://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/local-school-wellness-policy
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 105. 
    USDHHS (US Dep. Health Hum. Serv.). 2010. National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy Rep., USDHHS Washington, DC: https://health.gov/communication/hlactionplan/pdf/Health_Literacy_Action_Plan.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 106. 
    USDHHS (Dep. Health Hum. Serv.). 2018. Social determinants of health—objectives. Healthy People 2020. HealthyPeople.gov. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health/objectives
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 107. 
    Wang LY, Vernon-Smiley M, Gapinski MA, Desisto M, Maughan E, Sheetz A 2014. Cost-benefit study of school nursing services. JAMA Pediatr 168:7642–48
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 108. 
    Wang Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, Weston C et al. 2015. What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 16:547–65
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 109. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.). 2011. Education: shared interests in well-being and development Soc. Determinants Health Sect. Brief. Ser. 2 Rep., WHO, Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44737/1/9789241502498_eng.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 110. 
    WHO (World Health Organ.)., UN Dev. Progr. 2016. What ministries of education need to know about chronic diseases Rep., WHO, Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250231/WHO-NMH-NMA-16.93-eng.pdf?sequence=1
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 111. 
    Willgerodt MA, Brock DM, Maughan ED 2018. Public school nursing practice in the United States. J. Sch. Nurs. 34:232–44
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 112. 
    Wolfenden L, Nathan NK, Sutherland R et al. 2017. Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting risk factors for chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017:11CD011677
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 113. 
    World Bank. 2018. Systems Approach to Better Education Results (SABER)—School Health and School Feeding. World Bank http://saber.worldbank.org/index.cfm?indx=8&pd=9&sub=0
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 114. 
    Yoshikawa H, Aber JL, Beardslee WR 2012. The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: implications for prevention. Am. Psychol. 67:272–84
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 115. 
    Young I 2005. Health promotion in schools—a historical perspective. Glob. Health Promot. 12:112–17
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 116. 
    Zajacova A, Lawrence EM 2018. The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annu. Rev. Public Health 39:273–89
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 117. 
    Zimmerman EB, Woolf SH, Blackburn SM, Kimmel AD, Barnes AJ, Bono RS 2016. The case for considering education and health. Urban Educ 53:744–73
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 118. 
    Zimmerman EB, Woolf SH, Haley A 2015. Understanding the relationship between education and health: a review of evidence and an examination of community perspectives. Population HealthBehavioral and Social Science Insights RM Kaplan, ML Spittel, DH David 347–84 Rockville, MD: US Agency Healthc. Res. Qual.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error