1932

Abstract

In this systematic review, we examine the literature from 2000 to 2020 to ascertain whether we can make strong conclusions about the relative benefit of adding informal care or formal care providers to the care mix among individuals receiving care in the home, specifically focusing on care recipient outcomes. We evaluate how informal care and formal care affect (or are associated with) health care use of care recipients, health care costs of care recipients, and health outcomes of care recipients. The literature to date suggests that informal care, either alone or in concert with formal care, delivers improvements in the health and well-being of older adults receiving care. The conclusions one can draw about the effects of formal care are less clear.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102354
2021-04-01
2024-10-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/publhealth/42/1/annurev-publhealth-090419-102354.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102354&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Abtan R, Rotondi NK, Macpherson A, Rotondi MA. 2018. The effect of informal caregiver support on utilization of acute health services among home care clients: a prospective observational study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 18:73
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Aday LA, Anderson R 1974. A framework for the study of access to medical care. Health Serv. Res. 9:208–20
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Aggarwal B, Liao M, Mosca L. 2013. Medication adherence is associated with having a caregiver among cardiac patients. Ann. Behav. Med.: Publ. Soc. Behav. Med. 46:237–42
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Andrew T, Moriarty J, Levin E, Webb S 2000. Outcome of referral to social services departments for people with cognitive impairment. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 15:406–14
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    AOA (Adm. Aging) 2012. A Profile of Older Americans: 2012 Washington, DC: AOA https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2012profile.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Arno PS, Levine C, Memmott MM. 1999. The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Aff 18:182–88
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Ayalon L. 2016. A triadic perspective on elder neglect within the home care arrangement. Ageing Soc 36:811–36
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Barczyk D, Kredler M. 2018. Evaluating long-term-care policy options, taking the family seriously. Rev. Econ. Stud. 85:766–809
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Barnay T, Juin S. 2016. Does home care for dependent elderly people improve their mental health?. J. Health Econ. 45:149–60
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Baumgarten M, Battista RN, Infante-Rivard C, Hanley JA, Becker R, Gauthier S. 1992. The psychological and physical health of family members caring for an elderly person with dementia. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45:61–70
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Beach SR, Schulz R. 2017. Family caregiver factors associated with unmet needs for care of older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 65:560–66
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Benjamin AE, Matthias R, Franke TM 2000. Comparing consumer-directed and agency models for providing supportive services at home. Health Serv. Res. 35:351–66
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Blais R, Sears NA, Doran D, Baker GR, Macdonald M et al. 2013. Assessing adverse events among home care clients in three Canadian provinces using chart review. BMJ Qual. Saf. 22:989–97
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Bloom BS, de Pouvourville N, Straus WL. 2003. Cost of illness of Alzheimer's disease: How useful are current estimates?. Gerontologist 43:158–64
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Bragstad LK, Kirkevold M, Hofoss D, Foss C. 2012. Factors predicting a successful post-discharge outcome for individuals aged 80 years and over. Int. J. Integr. Care 12:e4
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Brown E. 2002. Effects of caregiving factors and sense of control on elderly care recipients' depressive symptoms PhD Thesis, Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Burgdorf J, Roth DL, Riffin C, Wolff JL. 2019. Factors associated with receipt of training among caregivers of older adults. JAMA Intern. Med. 179:833–35
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Callahan CM, Boustani MA, Schmid AA, La Mantia MA, Austrom MG et al. 2017. Targeting functional decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 166:164–71
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Carretero S, Garces J, Rodenas F. 2007. Evaluation of the home help service and its impact on the informal caregiver's burden of dependent elders. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 22:738–49
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Chan N, Anstey KJ, Windsor TD, Luszcz MA. 2011. Disability and depressive symptoms in later life: the stress-buffering role of informal and formal support. Gerontology 57:180–89
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Charles KK, Sevak P. 2005. Can family caregiving substitute for nursing home care?. J. Health Econ. 24:1174–90
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Chau PH, Woo J, Kwok T, Chan F, Hui E, Chan KC 2012. Usage of community services and domestic helpers predicted institutionalization of elders having functional or cognitive impairments: a 12-month longitudinal study in Hong Kong. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 13:169–75
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Chen H-F, Landes RD, Schuldt RF, Tilford JM. 2020. Quality performance of rural and urban home health agencies: implications for rural add-on payment policies. J. Rural Health 36:423–32
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Chen H-F, Popoola TO, Suzuki S. 2017. Does paid versus unpaid supplementary caregiving matter in preventable readmissions?. Am. J. Manag. Care 23:e82–88
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Chi MJ, Wu SC, Chan DC, Lee CC. 2009. Social determinants of emergency utilization associated with patterns of care. Health Policy 93:137–42
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Chiao CY, Lin YJ, Hsiao CY. 2017. Comparison of the quality of informal care of community-dwelling Taiwanese older people. J. Nurs. Res. 25:375–82
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Cho E. 2007. The effects of nonprofessional caregivers on the rehospitalization of elderly recipients in home healthcare. Adv. Nurs. Sci. 30:E1–12
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Cho E, Kim EY, Lee NJ. 2013. Effects of informal caregivers on function of older adults in home health care. West. J. Nurs. Res. 35:57–75
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Cho E, Lee NJ, Kim EY, Strumpf NE. 2011. The impact of informal caregivers on depressive symptoms among older adults receiving formal home health care. Geriatr. Nurs. 32:18–28
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Choi S, Morrow-Howell N, Proctor E. 2006. Configuration of services used by depressed older adults. Aging Ment. Health 10:240–49
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Christakis NA, Allison PD. 2006. Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:719–30
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Clyburn LD, Stones MJ, Hadjistavropoulos T, Tuokko H. 2000. Predicting caregiver burden and depression in Alzheimer's disease. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 55:S2–13
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Coe NB, Guo J, Konetzka RT, Van Houtven CH. 2019. What is the marginal benefit of payment-induced family care? Impact on Medicaid spending and health of care recipients. Health Econ. 28:678–92
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Coe NB, Van Houtven CH. 2009. Caring for mom and neglecting yourself? The health effects of caring for an elderly parent. Health Econ 18:991–1010
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Condelius A, Edberg AK, Hallberg IR, Jakobsson U. 2010. Utilization of medical healthcare among people receiving long-term care at home or in special accommodation. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 24:404–13
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Cooper C, Katona C, Finne-Soveri H, Topinkova E, Carpenter GI, Livingston G. 2006. Indicators of elder abuse: a crossnational comparison of psychiatric morbidity and other determinants in the Ad-HOC study. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 14:489–97
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Costa-Font J, Jimenez-Martin S, Vilaplana C. 2018. Does long-term care subsidization reduce hospital admissions and utilization?. J. Health Econ. 58:43–66
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Dale B, Saevareid HI, Soderhamn O. 2009. Testing and using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire: mental health in relation to home nursing, home help, and family care among older, care-dependent individuals. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 18:133–43
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Dawson WD, Bangerter LR, Splaine M. 2020. The politics of caregiving: taking stock of state-level policies to support family caregivers. Public Policy Aging Rep. 30:62–66
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Eiken S, Sredl K, Burwell B, Amos A 2018. Medicaid expenditures for long-term services and supports in FY 2016 Rep., Medicaid Innov. Accel. Program, Baltimore, MD. https://www.medicaid.gov/sites/default/files/2019–12/ltssexpenditures2016.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Notkola IL, Hentinen M, Kivela SL, Sivenius J, Sulkava R. 2001. Effects of supporting community-living demented patients and their caregivers: a randomized trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 49:1282–87
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    FDA (US Food Drug Adm.) 2017. Using the PICOTS Framework to Strengthen Evidence Gathered in Clinical Trials—Guidance from the AHRQ's Evidence-Based Practice Centers Program. Washington, DC: FDA. https://www.fda.gov/media/109448/download
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Freedman VA, Spillman BC. 2014. Disability and care needs among older Americans. Milbank Q 92:509–41
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Friedman SM, Steinwachs DM, Temkin-Greener H, Mukamel DB. 2006. Informal caregivers and the risk of nursing home admission among individuals enrolled in the program of all-inclusive care for the elderly. Gerontologist 46:456–63
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Fujino Y, Matsuda S. 2009. Prospective study of living arrangement by the ability to receive informal care and survival among Japanese elderly. Prev. Med. 48:79–85
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    García JR, Prieto-Flores ME, Rosenberg MW 2008. Health services use by older people with disabilities in Spain: Do formal and informal care matter?. Ageing Soc 28:959–78
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Clay T, Newcomer R. 2003. Caregiving and institutionalization of cognitively impaired older people: utilizing dynamic predictors of change. Gerontologist 43:219–29
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Newcomer R. 2006. Predictors of institutionalization in Latinos with dementia. J. Cross Cult. Gerontol. 21:139–55
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Gibson MJ, Houser A. 2007. Valuing the invaluable: a new look at the economic value of family caregiving. Issue Brief 82 Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Inst.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Giebel C, Sutcliffe C, Verbeek H, Zabalegui A, Soto M et al. 2016. Depressive symptomatology and associated factors in dementia in Europe: home care versus long-term care. Int. Psychogeriatr. 28:621–30
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Gonçalves J, Weaver F. 2017. Effects of formal home care on hospitalizations and doctor visits. Int. J. Health Econ. Manag. 17:203–33
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Gorges RJ, Sanghavi P, Konetzka RT. 2019. A national examination of long-term care setting, outcomes, and disparities among elderly dual eligibles. Health Aff 38:1110–18
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Greene V. 1983. Substitution between formally and informally provided care for the impaired elderly in the community. Med. Care 21:609–19
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Haley WE, LaMonde LA, Han B, Burton AM, Schonwetter R. 2003. Predictors of depression and life satisfaction among spousal caregivers in hospice: application of a stress process model. J. Palliat. Med. 6:215–24
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Haley WE, LaMonde LA, Han B, Narramore S, Schonwetter R. 2001. Family caregiving in hospice: effects on psychological and health functioning among spousal caregivers of hospice patients with lung cancer or dementia. Hosp. J. 15:1–18
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hammond G, Mochari-Greenberger H, Liao M, Mosca L. 2012. Effect of gender, caregiver, on cholesterol control and statin use for secondary prevention among hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 110:1613–18
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Harrow BS, Tennstedt SL, McKinlay JB. 1995. How costly is it to care for disabled elders in a community setting. ? Gerontologist 35:803–13
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Hayashi T, Nomura H, Ina K, Kato T, Hirose T et al. 2011. Place of death for the elderly in need of end-of-life home care: a study in Japan. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 53:242–44
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Hellström Y, Andersson M, Hallberg IR. 2004. Quality of life among older people in Sweden receiving help from informal and/or formal helpers at home or in special accommodation. Health Soc. Care Community 12:504–16
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Hellström Y, Hallberg IR. 2001. Perspectives of elderly people receiving home help on health, care and quality of life. Health Soc. Care Community 9:61–71
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Hoffman GJ, Hays RD, Wallace SP, Shapiro MF, Yakusheva O, Ettner SL. 2017. Receipt of caregiving and fall risk in US community-dwelling older adults. Med. Care 55:371–78
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Kehusmaa S, Autti-Rämö I, Helenius H, Rissanen P. 2013. Does informal care reduce public care expenditure on elderly care? Estimates based on Finland's Age Study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 13:317
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dura JR, Speicher CE, Trask OJ, Glaser R. 1991. Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosom. Med. 53:345–62
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Kim J, Cho KH, Lee SG, Lee YS, Jang SI, Park EC. 2018. Differences in fracture incidence according to caregiver type in stroke survivors. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 27:2849–56
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    King AC, Oka RK, Young DR. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate responses to the stress of work and caregiving in older women. J. Gerontol. 49:M239–45
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Klinkenberg M, Visser G, van Groenou MI, van der Wal G, Deeg DJ, Willems DL. 2005. The last 3 months of life: care, transitions and the place of death of older people. Health Soc. Care Community 13:420–30
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Konetzka RT. 2016. Are home- and community-based services cost-effective?. Med. Care 54:219–20
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Landi F, Onder G, Carpenter I, Garms-Homolova V, Bernabei R. 2005. Prevalence and predictors of influenza vaccination among frail, community-living elderly patients: an international observational study. Vaccine 23:3896–901
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Langa KM, Chernew ME, Kabeto MU, Herzog AR, Ofstedal MB et al. 2001. National estimates of the quantity and cost of informal caregiving for the elderly with dementia. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16:770–78
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Larsson K, Thorslund M, Kåreholt I. 2006. Are public care and services for older people targeted according to need? Applying the behavioural model on longitudinal data of a Swedish urban older population. Eur. J. Ageing 3:22–33
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Latif E. 2004. Three essays on health and aging in Canada PhD Thesis, Univ. Manit., Winn., Can.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Lee Y, Barken R, Gonzales E 2020. Utilization of formal and informal home care: How do older Canadians’ experiences vary by care arrangements?. J. Appl. Gerontol. 39:129–40
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Li H. 2006. Involvement of informal and formal service providers: meeting the home care needs of older adults with severe functional impairments. Home Health Care Serv. Q. 25:167–83
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Li H, Kyrouac GA, McManus DQ, Cranston RE, Hughes S. 2012. Unmet home care service needs of rural older adults with Alzheimer's disease: a perspective of informal caregivers. J. Gerontol. Soc. Work 55:409–25
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Liu BCP, Leung DSY, Warrener J. 2019. The interaction effect of gender and residential environment, individual resources, and needs satisfaction on quality of life among older adults in the United Kingdom. Gerontol. Geriatr. Med. 5:2333721419878579
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Lo Sasso AT, Johnson RW. 2002. Does informal care from adult children reduce nursing home admissions for the elderly?. Inquiry 39:279–97
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Long SK, Liu K, Black K, O'Keeffe J, Molony S. 2005. Getting by in the community: lessons from frail elders. J. Aging Soc. Policy 17:19–44
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Longacre ML, Wong YN, Fang CY. 2014. Caregiver psychological health and hospitalization characteristics of older adult care recipients: an integrative review of US studies. Res. Gerontol. Nurs. 7:139–47
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Lundsgaard J. 2005. Consumer direction and choice in long-term care for older persons, including payments for informal care: How can it help improve care outcomes, employment and fiscal sustainability? Work. Pap. 20, OECD Publ., Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/616882407515
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Lyons KS, Zarit SH, Townsend AL. 2000. Families and formal service usage: stability and change in patterns of interface. Aging Ment. Health 4:234–43
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    MEDPAC (Medicare Paym. Advis. Comm.) 2020. Home health care services: assessing payment adequacy and updating payments. Report to the Congress: Medicare Payment Policy Chap. 9 251–69 Washington, DC: MEDPAC
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Missouri Revisor of Statutes 1999. Title XII Public Health: 192.2015. Shared care tax credit available, when—eligibility requirements—rulemaking authority—penalty provision. Transferred 2014; formerly 660.055. https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=192.2015
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Mochari-Greenberger H, Mosca M, Aggarwal B, Umann TM, Mosca L. 2014. Caregiver status: a simple marker to identify cardiac surgery patients at risk for longer postoperative length of stay, rehospitalization, or death. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 29:12–19
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Mosca L, Aggarwal B, Mochari-Greenberger H, Liao M, Blair J et al. 2012. Association between having a caregiver and clinical outcomes 1 year after hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 109:135–39
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Navaie-Waliser M, Feldman PH, Gould DA, Levine C, Kuerbis AN, Donelan K. 2002. When the caregiver needs care: the plight of vulnerable caregivers. Am. J. Public Health 92:409–13
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Noyes K, Bajorska A, Wasserman EB, Weinstock-Guttman B, Mukamel D. 2014. Transitions between SNF and home-based care in patients with multiple sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation 34:531–40
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Oktay JS, Tompkins CJ. 2004. Personal assistance providers' mistreatment of disabled adults. Health Soc. Work 29:177–88
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    O'Shaughnessy CV. 2013. The basics: national spending for long-term services and supports (LTSS), 2011 Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum http://www.nhpf.org/library/the-basics/Basics_LTSS_03–27–14.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Pot AM, Deeg DJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT, Zarit SH. 2005. The longitudinal relationship between the use of long-term care and depressive symptoms in older adults. Gerontologist 45:359–369
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Potter AJ. 2019. Care configurations and unmet care needs in older men and women. J. Appl. Gerontol. 38:1351–70
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Reckrey JM, Tsui EK, Morrison RS, Geduldig ET, Stone RI et al. 2019. Beyond functional support: the range of health-related tasks performed in the home by paid caregivers in New York. Health Aff 38:927–33
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Runte R. 2018. Predictors of institutionalization in people with dementia: a survey linked with administrative data. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 30:35–43
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Schulz R, Beach SR. 1999. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA 282:2215–19
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Schulz R, Martire LM. 2004. Family caregiving of persons with dementia: prevalence, health effects, and support strategies. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 12:240–49
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Schulz R, Mendelsohn AB, Haley WE, Mahoney D, Allen RS et al. 2003. End-of-life care and the effects of bereavement on family caregivers of persons with dementia. N. Engl. J. Med. 349:1936–42
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Schulz R, O'Brien AT, Bookwala J, Fleissner K. 1995. Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist 35:771–91
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Skira MM. 2015. Dynamic wage and employment effects of elder parent care. Int. Econ. Rev. 56:63–93
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Small GW, McDonnell DD, Brooks RL, Papadopoulos G. 2002. The impact of symptom severity on the cost of Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 50:321–27
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Smith TO, Pearson M, Pfeiffer K, Crotty M, Lamb SE. 2019. Caregiver interventions for adults discharged from the hospital: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 67:1960–69
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Spetz J, Stone RI, Chapman SA, Bryant N. 2019. Home and community-based workforce for patients with serious illness requires support to meet growing needs. Health Aff 38:902–9
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Spillman BC, Pezzin LE. 2000. Potential and active family caregivers: changing networks and the “sandwich generation. .” Milbank Q 78:339–47
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Stevens AB, Hochhalter AK, Basu R, Smith ER, Thorud JL et al. 2015. A model program of community-based supports for older adults at risk of nursing facility placement. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 63:2601–9
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Stone R, Cafferata GL, Sangl J. 1987. Caregivers of the frail elderly: a national profile. Gerontologist 27:616–26
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Tao H, Ellenbecker CH, Chen J, Zhan L, Dalton J 2012. The influence of social environmental factors on rehospitalization among patients receiving home health care services. Adv. Nurs. Sci. 35:346–58
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Tappenden P, Campbell F, Rawdin A, Wong R, Kalita N. 2012. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based, nurse-led health promotion for older people: a systematic review. Health Technol. Assess. 16:1–72
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Temkin-Greener H, Bajorska A, Peterson DR, Kunitz SJ, Gross D et al. 2004. Social support and risk-adjusted mortality in a frail older population. Med. Care 42:779–88
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Terza JV, Basu A, Rathouz PJ. 2008. Two-stage residual inclusion estimation: addressing endogeneity in health econometric modeling. J. Health Econ. 27:531–43
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Thomése F, Broese van Groenou M 2006. Adaptive strategies after health decline in later life: increasing the person-environment fit by adjusting the social and physical environment. Eur. J. Ageing 3:169–77
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Van Houtven CH, Coe NB, Skira MM. 2013. The effect of informal care on work and wages. J. Health Econ. 32:240–52
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Van Houtven CH, Konetzka RT, Taggert E, Coe NB. 2020. Informal and formal home care for older adults with disabilities increased, 2004–16. Health Aff 39:81297–301
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Van Houtven CH, Norton EC 2004. Informal care and health care use of older adults. J. Health Econ. 23:1159–80
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Van Houtven CH, Norton EC 2008. Informal care and Medicare expenditures: testing for heterogeneous treatment effects. J. Health Econ. 27:134–56
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Van Houtven CH, Smith VA, Lindquist JH, Chapman JG, Hendrix C et al. 2019. Family caregiver skills training to improve experiences of care: a randomized clinical trial. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 34:2114–22
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Van Houtven CH, Voils CI, Weinberger M. 2011. An organizing framework for informal caregiver interventions: detailing caregiving activities and caregiver and care recipient outcomes to optimize evaluation efforts. BMC Geriatr 11:77
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Vitaliano PP. 1997. Physiological and physical concomitants of caregiving: introduction. Ann. Behav. Med. 19:75–77
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Vitaliano PP, Zhang J, Scanlan JM. 2003. Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 129:946–72
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC et al. 2007. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ 335:805 Erratum. 2007. BMJ 335:0-a
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Werner RM, Coe NB, Qi M, Konetzka RT. 2019. Patient outcomes after hospital discharge to home with home health care versus to a skilled nursing facility. JAMA Intern. Med. 179:617–23
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Werner RM, Hoffman AK, Coe NB. 2020. Long-term care policy after Covid-19—solving the nursing home crisis. N. Engl. J. Med. 383:903–5
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Wimo A, Sjölund BM, Sköldunger A, Johansson L, Nordberg G, von Strauss E 2011. Incremental patterns in the amount of informal and formal care among non-demented and demented elderly persons: results from a 3-year follow-up population-based study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 26:56–64
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Wolff JL, Drabo EF, Van Houtven CH. 2019. Beyond parental leave: paid family leave for an aging America. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 67:1322–24
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Wysocki A, Kane RL, Dowd B, Golberstein E, Lum T, Shippee T. 2014. Hospitalization of elderly Medicaid long-term care users who transition from nursing homes. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 62:71–78
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Wysocki A, Kane RL, Golberstein E, Dowd B, Lum T, Shippee T. 2014. The association between long-term care setting and potentially preventable hospitalizations among older dual eligibles. Health Serv. Res. 49:778–97
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102354
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102354
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error