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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies are beginning to have significant impact in the field of virology, as they are helping us understand how viruses take control of cells. In this article we review several methodologies for 3D imaging of cells and show how these technologies are contributing to the study of viral infections and the characterization of specialized structures formed in virus-infected cells. We include 3D reconstruction by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using serial sections, electron tomography, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). We summarize from these methods selected contributions to our understanding of viral entry, replication, morphogenesis, egress and propagation, and changes in the spatial architecture of virus-infected cells. In combination with live-cell imaging, correlative microscopy, and new techniques for molecular mapping in situ, the availability of these methods for 3D imaging is expected to provide deeper insights into understanding the structural and dynamic aspects of viral infection.

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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085351
2014-09-29
2025-02-09
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    3D model of the reovirus inclusion assembled in a HeLa cell infected under permissive conditions (). Reproduced with permission from Reference 35

    3D model of the reovirus inclusion assembled in an MDCK cell infected under nonpermissive conditions. Reproduced with permission from Reference 35.

    3D model of a whole Huh7.5 cell infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Reproduced with permission from Reference 33.

    Animation showing the membranous network assembled by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in Vero E6 cells. Reproduced with permission from Reference 59.

    Electron tomography and 3D modeling of early coxsackievirus B3-–induced membrane structures in Vero E6 cells. Reproduced with permission from Reference 60.

    Tomogram and 3D surface rendering of the multivesicular bodies found at the membrane assembly zone of the mimivirus factory in cells. Reproduced with permission from Reference 80.

    3D surface rendering of an initial assembling capsid in the mimivirus factory. Reproduced with permission from Reference 80.

    Correlative fluorescence and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging of an HIV-infected T cell. Reproduced with permission from Reference 18.

    Wave-like projections in an HIV-infected macrophage. Reproduced with permission from Reference 115.

    Viral compartment connected to cell surface via long tubules. Reproduced with permission from Reference 115.

  • Article Type: Review Article
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