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- Volume 36, 2016
Annual Review of Nutrition - Volume 36, 2016
Volume 36, 2016
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Nutrient-Gene Interaction in Colon Cancer, from the Membrane to Cellular Physiology
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 543–570More LessThe International Agency for Research on Cancer recently released an assessment classifying red and processed meat as “carcinogenic to humans” on the basis of the positive association between increased consumption and risk for colorectal cancer. Diet, however, can also decrease the risk for colorectal cancer and be used as a chemopreventive strategy. Bioactive dietary molecules, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, curcumin, and fermentable fiber, have been proposed to exert chemoprotective effects, and their molecular mechanisms have been the focus of research in the dietary/chemoprevention field. Using these bioactives as examples, this review surveys the proposed mechanisms by which they exert their effects, from the nucleus to the cellular membrane. In addition, we discuss emerging technologies involving the culturing of colonic organoids to study the physiological effects of dietary bioactives. Finally, we address future challenges to the field regarding the identification of additional molecular mechanisms and other bioactive dietary molecules that can be utilized in our fight to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer.
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Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers in Eye Health and Disease
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 571–602More LessCurrent evidence suggests lutein and its isomers play important roles in ocular development in utero and throughout the life span, in vision performance in young and later adulthood, and in lowering risk for the development of common age-related eye diseases in older age. These xanthophyll (oxygen-containing) carotenoids are found in a wide variety of vegetables and fruits, and they are present in especially high concentrations in leafy green vegetables. Additionally, egg yolks and human milk appear to be bioavailable sources. The prevalence of lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin in supplements is increasing. Setting optimal and safe ranges of intake requires additional research, particularly in pregnant and lactating women. Accumulating evidence about variable interindividual response to dietary intake of these carotenoids, based on genetic or metabolic influences, suggests that there may be subgroups that benefit from higher levels of intake and/or alternate strategies to improve lutein and zeaxanthin status.
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Nutritional Ecology and Human Health
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 603–626More LessIn contrast to the spectacular advances in the first half of the twentieth century with micronutrient-related diseases, human nutrition science has failed to stem the more recent rise of obesity and associated cardiometabolic disease (OACD). This failure has triggered debate on the problems and limitations of the field and what change is needed to address these. We briefly review the two broad historical phases of human nutrition science and then provide an overview of the main problems that have been implicated in the poor progress of the field with solving OACD. We next introduce the field of nutritional ecology and show how its ecological-evolutionary foundations can enrich human nutrition science by providing the theory to help address its limitations. We end by introducing a modeling approach from nutritional ecology, termed nutritional geometry, and demonstrate how it can help to implement ecological and evolutionary theory in human nutrition to provide new direction and to better understand and manage OACD.
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Lactation and Maternal Cardio-Metabolic Health*
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 627–645More LessResearchers hypothesize that pregnancy and lactation are part of a continuum, with lactation meant to “reset” the adverse metabolic profile that develops as a part of normal pregnancy, and that when lactation does not occur, women maintain an elevated risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. Several large prospective and retrospective studies, mostly from the United States and other industrialized countries, have examined the associations between lactation and cardio-metabolic outcomes. Less evidence exists regarding an association of lactation with maternal postpartum weight status and dyslipidemia, whereas more evidence exists for an association with diabetes, hypertension, and subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Behavioral Nutrition Interventions Using e- and m-Health Communication Technologies: A Narrative Review
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 647–664More Lesse- and m-Health communication technologies are now common approaches to improving population health. The efficacy of behavioral nutrition interventions using e-health technologies to decrease fat intake and increase fruit and vegetable intake was demonstrated in studies conducted from 2005 to 2009, with approximately 75% of trials showing positive effects. By 2010, an increasing number of behavioral nutrition interventions were focusing on body weight. The early emphasis on interventions that were highly computer tailored shifted to personalized electronic interventions that included weight and behavioral self-monitoring as key features. More diverse target audiences began to participate, and mobile components were added to interventions. Little progress has been made on using objective measures rather than self-reported measures of dietary behavior. A challenge for nutritionists is to link with the private sector in the design, use, and evaluation of the many electronic devices that are now available in the marketplace for nutrition monitoring and behavioral change.
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Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Epigenetics
Vol. 36 (2016), pp. 665–681More LessThe search for a connection between diet and human cancer has a long history in cancer research, as has interest in the mechanisms by which dietary factors might increase or decrease cancer risk. The realization that altering diet can alter the epigenetic state of genes and that these epigenetic alterations might increase or decrease cancer risk is a more modern notion, driven largely by studies in animal models. The connections between diet and epigenetic alterations, on the one hand, and between epigenetic alterations and cancer, on the other, are supported by both observational studies in humans as well as animal models. However, the conclusion that diet is linked directly to epigenetic alterations and that these epigenetic alterations directly increase or decrease the risk of human cancer is much less certain. We suggest that true and measurable effects of diet or dietary supplements on epigenotype and cancer risk are most likely to be observed in longitudinal studies and at the extremes of the intersection of dietary risk factors and human population variability. Careful analysis of such outlier populations is most likely to shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which suspected environmental risk factors drive the process of carcinogenesis.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 44 (2024)
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Volume 43 (2023)
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Volume 42 (2022)
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Volume 41 (2021)
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Volume 40 (2020)
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Volume 39 (2019)
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Volume 38 (2018)
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Volume 37 (2017)
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Volume 36 (2016)
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Volume 35 (2015)
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Volume 34 (2014)
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Volume 33 (2013)
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Volume 32 (2012)
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Volume 31 (2011)
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Volume 30 (2010)
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Volume 29 (2009)
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Volume 28 (2008)
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Volume 27 (2007)
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Volume 26 (2006)
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Volume 25 (2005)
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Volume 24 (2004)
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Volume 23 (2003)
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Volume 22 (2002)
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Volume 21 (2001)
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Volume 20 (2000)
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Volume 19 (1999)
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Volume 18 (1998)
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Volume 17 (1997)
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Volume 16 (1996)
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Volume 15 (1995)
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Volume 14 (1994)
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Volume 13 (1993)
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Volume 12 (1992)
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Volume 11 (1991)
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Volume 10 (1990)
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Volume 9 (1989)
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Volume 8 (1988)
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Volume 7 (1987)
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Volume 6 (1986)
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Volume 5 (1985)
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Volume 4 (1984)
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Volume 3 (1983)
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Volume 2 (1982)
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Volume 1 (1981)
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Volume 0 (1932)