1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
  4. Volume 11, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences

Volume 11, 2023

The Role of Zoos and Aquariums in a Changing World

Abstract

Zoos and aquariums have evolved significantly. From their origins as enclosures for the mere entertainment of the public, these institutions have undertaken new functions responding to the biodiversity crisis and social demands. Modern zoos and aquariums have the opportunity to educate people, contribute to species conservation, and produce animal-related research. However, there is increasing criticism toward the outcomes of their actions and the holding of species in their facilities. This review offers an integrated analysis of the state of knowledge about the role that zoos and aquariums play today. It describes their performance regarding their conservation, education, and research functions, highlighting general patterns and offering future perspectives. It identifies some challenges common to all these institutions, concluding that the way they keep up with the ever-growing social and environmental expectations will be decisive hereafter.

Keyword(s): animal welfare, biodiversity conservation, captive breeding, environmental education, scientific research, species reintroduction
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306
2023-02-15
2024-05-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/animal/11/1/annurev-animal-050622-104306.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    Miller B, Conway W, Reading RP, Wemmer C, Wildt D et al. 2004. Evaluating the conservation mission of zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and natural history museums. Conserv. Biol. 18:186–93
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.
    Barongi R, Fisken FA, Parker M, Gusset M. 2015. Committing to Conservation: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy Gland, Switz.: World Assoc. Zoos Aquar. Exec. Off.
  3. 3.
    Wineman J, Piper C, Maple TL. 1996. Zoos in transition: enriching conservation education for a new generation. Curator 39:294–107
     [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.
    Collins C, Corkery I, McKeown S, McSweeney L, Flannery K et al. 2020. Quantifying the long-term impact of zoological education: a study of learning in a zoo and an aquarium. Environ. Educ. Res. 26:71008–26
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    Spooner SL, Jensen EA, Tracey L, Marshall AR 2019. Evaluating the impacts of theatre-based wildlife and conservation education at the zoo. Environ. Educ. Res. 25:81231–49
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Whitehead M. 1995. Saying it with genes, species and habitats: biodiversity education and the role of zoos. Biodivers. Conserv. 4:6664–70
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    Carr N, Cohen S. 2011. The public face of zoos: images of entertainment, education and conservation. Anthrozoös 24:2175–89
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Lindholm J 2021. Zoo history. Zookeeping: An Introduction to the Science and Technology MD Irwin, JB Stoner, AM Cobaugh 31–42 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    Rabb GB. 1994. The changing roles of zoological parks in conserving biological diversity. Am. Zool. 34:1159–64
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.
    Matthews LH. 1976. The zoo: 150 years of research. Nature 261:5558281–84
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Mason P. 2000. Zoo tourism: the need for more research. J. Sustain. Tour. 8:4333–39
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Ballantyne R, Packer J, Hughes K, Dierking L. 2007. Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environ. Educ. Res. 13:3367–83
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Kisling VN. 2001. Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
  14. 14.
    Keulartz J. 2015. Captivity for conservation? Zoos at a crossroads. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 28:2335–51
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Zippel K, Johnson K, Gagliardo R, Gibson R, McFadden M et al. 2011. The Amphibian Ark: a global community for ex situ conservation of amphibians. Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. 6:3340–52
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    Gippoliti S. 2012. Ex situ conservation programmes in European zoological gardens: Can we afford to lose them?. Biodivers. Conserv. 21:61359–64
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Fa JE, Gusset M, Flesness N, Conde DA. 2014. Zoos have yet to unveil their full conservation potential. Anim. Conserv. 17:297–100
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    Rees PA. 2005. Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo research?. Oryx 39:2128–31
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.
    Ryder OA, Feistner ATC. 1995. Research in zoos: a growth area in conservation. Biodivers. Conserv. 4:6671–77
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Tribe A, Booth R. 2003. Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 8:165–74
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Pyott BE, Schulte-Hostedde AI. 2020. Peer-reviewed scientific contributions from Canadian zoos and aquariums. Facets 5:1381–92
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Olive A, Jansen K. 2017. The contribution of zoos and aquaria to Aichi Biodiversity Target 12: a case study of Canadian zoos. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 10:103–13
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Milstein T. 2009.. “ Somethin’ tells me it's all happening at the zoo”: discourse, power, and conservationism. Environ. Commun. 3:125–48
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Conway W. 2003. The role of zoos in the 21st century. Int. Zoo Yearb. 38:17–13
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Escribano N, Ariño AH, Pino-del-Carpio A, Galicia D, Miranda R. 2021. Global trends in research output by zoos and aquariums. Conserv. Biol. 35:61894–902
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    Hutchins M. 2006. Death at the zoo: the media, science, and reality. Zoo Biol. 25:2101–15
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.
    Fernandez EJ, Timberlake W. 2008. Mutual benefits of research collaborations between zoos and academic institutions. Zoo Biol. 27:6470–87
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.
    Mooney A, Conde DA, Healy K, Buckley YM. 2020. A system wide approach to managing zoo collections for visitor attendance and in situ conservation. Nat. Commun. 11:584
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Trask A, Canessa S, Moehrenschlager A, Newland S, Medina S, Ewen J. 2020. Extinct-in-the-wild species’ last stand. Science 369:6503516
     [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Nicholson E, Watermeyer KE, Rowland JA, Sato CF, Stevenson SL et al. 2021. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5:101338–49
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Silla AJ, Byrne PG. 2019. The role of reproductive technologies in amphibian conservation breeding programs. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 7:499–519
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.
    Conde DA, Colchero F, Güneralp B, Gusset M, Skolnik B et al. 2015. Opportunities and costs for preventing vertebrate extinctions. Curr. Biol. 25:6R219–21
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Gant JR, Mair L, McGowan PJK. 2020. Fragmented evidence for the contribution of ex situ management to species conservation indicates the need for better reporting. Oryx 55:4573–80
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    Maunder M, Byers O. 2005. The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservation. Oryx 39:195–98
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.
    Traylor-Holzer K, Leus K, Bauman K. 2019. Integrated Collection Assessment and Planning (ICAP) workshop: helping zoos move toward the One Plan Approach. Zoo Biol. 38:195–105
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.
    Schwartz KR, Parsons ECM, Rockwood L, Wood TC. 2017. Integrating in-situ and ex-situ data management processes for biodiversity conservation. Front. Ecol. Evol. 5:120
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.
    Bolam FC, Mair L, Angelico M, Brooks TM, Burgman M et al. 2021. How many bird and mammal extinctions has recent conservation action prevented?. Conserv. Lett. 14:1e12762
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.
    Coonan TJ, Varsik A, Lynch C, Schwemm CA. 2010. Cooperative conservation: zoos and in situ captive breeding for endangered Island fox Urocyon littoralis ssp. Int. Zoo Yearb. 44:1165–72
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.
    Brereton SR, Brereton JE. 2020. Sixty years of collection planning: What species do zoos and aquariums keep?. Int. Zoo Yearb. 54:1131–45
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.
    Melfi VA. 2009. There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: a case for evidence-based zoo animal management. Zoo Biol. 28:6574–88
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 41.
    Ward PI, Mosberger N, Kistler C, Fischer O. 1998. The relationship between popularity and body size in zoo animals. Conserv. Biol. 12:61408–11
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.
    Martin TE, Lurbiecki H, Joy JB, Mooers AO. 2014. Mammal and bird species held in zoos are less endemic and less threatened than their close relatives not held in zoos. Anim. Conserv. 17:289–96
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.
    Godinez AM, Fernandez EJ. 2019. What is the zoo experience? How zoos impact a visitor's behaviors, perceptions, and conservation efforts. Front. Psychol. 10:1746
     [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.
    Colléony A, Clayton S, Couvet D, Saint Jalme M, Prévot AC. 2017. Human preferences for species conservation: Animal charisma trumps endangered status. Biol. Conserv. 206:263–69
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    Pritchard DJ, Fa JE, Oldfield S, Harrop SR. 2012. Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation. Oryx 46:118–23
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.
    Catibog-Sinha C. 2008. Zoo tourism: biodiversity conservation through tourism. J. Ecotourism 7:2–3160–78
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    Conde DA, Flesness N, Colchero F, Jones OR, Scheuerlein A. 2011. An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science 331:60231390–91
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.
    Che-Castaldo JP, Grow SA, Faust LJ 2018. Evaluating the contribution of North American zoos and aquariums to endangered species recovery. Sci. Rep. 8:9789
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.
    Barbanti A, Martin C, Blumenthal JM, Boyle J, Broderick AC et al. 2019. How many came home? Evaluating ex situ conservation of green turtles in the Cayman Islands. Mol. Ecol. 28:71637–51
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.
    Kleiman DG. 1989. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. Bioscience 39:3152–61
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    Ebenhard T. 1995. Conservation breeding as a tool for saving animal species from extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:11438–43
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.
    Conway WG. 2011. Buying time for wild animals with zoos. Zoo Biol. 30:11–8
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Shier DM. 2015. Developing a standard for evaluating reintroduction success using IUCN Red List indices. Anim. Conserv. 18:5411–12
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Zimmermann A 2010. The role of zoos in contributing to in situ conservation. Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management DG Kleiman, KV Thompson, CK Baer 281–87 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.
    Balmford A, Leader-Williams N, Green MJB. 1995. Parks or arks: Where to conserve threatened mammals?. Biodivers. Conserv. 4:6595–607
     [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Robert A. 2009. Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success. Biol. Conserv. 142:122915–22
     [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.
    Kelly JD. 1997. Effective conservation in the twenty-first century: the need to be more than a zoo. One organization's approach. Int. Zoo Yearb. 35:11–14
     [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.
    Santika T, Ancrenaz M, Wilson KA, Spehar S, Abram N et al. 2017. First integrative trend analysis for a great ape species in Borneo. Sci. Rep. 7:14839
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.
    Armstrong DP, Seddon PJ. 2008. Directions in reintroduction biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:120–25
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Seddon PJ, Armstrong DP, Maloney RF. 2007. Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conserv. Biol. 21:2303–12
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Braverman I. 2014. Conservation without nature: the trouble with in situ versus ex situ conservation. Geoforum 51:47–57
     [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Int. Union Conserv. Nat 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3 Fontainbleau, Fr.: Int. Union Conserv. Nat. https://www.iucnredlist.org
  63. 63.
    Tilman D, Clark M, Williams DR, Kimmel K, Polasky S, Packer C. 2017. Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature 546:765673–81
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.
    Assoc. Zoos Aquar 2020. Annual report on conservation and science: highlights Rep. Assoc. Zoos Aquar. Silver Spring, MD:
  65. 65.
    Harding LE, Abu-Eid OF, Hamidan N, al Sha'lan A. 2007. Reintroduction of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx in Jordan: war and redemption. Oryx 41:4478–87
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 66.
    Parrott ML, Wicker LV, Lamont A, Banks C, Lang M et al. 2021. Emergency response to Australia's Black Summer 2019–2020: the role of a zoo-based conservation organisation in wildlife triage, rescue, and resilience for the future. Animals 11:61515
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.
    Eur. Assoc. Zoos Aquar 2020. Annual report 2020 Rep. Eur. Assoc. Zoos Aquar. Amsterdam:
  68. 68.
    Gusset M, Dick G. 2010. “Building a future for wildlife”? Evaluating the contribution of the world zoo and aquarium community to in situ conservation. Int. Zoo Yearb. 44:1183–91
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.
    MacDonald E. 2015. Quantifying the impact of Wellington Zoo's persuasive communication campaign on post-visit behavior. Zoo Biol. 34:2163–69
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    Bowkett AE. 2009. Recent captive-breeding proposals and the return of the ark concept to global species conservation. Conserv. Biol. 23:3773–76
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.
    Beck BB, Rapaport LG, Price MRS, Wilson AC 1994. Reintroduction of captive-born animals. Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals PJS Olney, GM Mace, ATC Feistner 265–86 London: Chapman & Hall
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Berger-Tal O, Saltz D. 2014. Using the movement patterns of reintroduced animals to improve reintroduction success. Curr. Zool. 60:4515–26
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Morell V. 2008. Conservation biology: into the wild: Reintroduced animals face daunting odds. Science 320:5877742–43
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Gilbert T, Soorae PS. 2017. Editorial: the role of zoos and aquariums in reintroductions and other conservation translocations. Int. Zoo Yearb. 51:19–14
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Waugh DR. 2000. Parrot conservation and Loro Parque Fundacion, Puerto de la Cruz. Int. Zoo Yearb. 37:1288–98
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Resende PS, Viana-Junior AB, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. 2020. A global review of animal translocation programs. Anim. Biodivers. Conserv. 43:2221–32
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    Grant TD, Hudson RD. 2015. West Indian iguana Cyclura spp. reintroduction and recovery programmes: zoo support and involvement. Int. Zoo Yearb. 49:149–55
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.
    Moseby KE, Lollback GW, Lynch CE. 2018. Too much of a good thing; successful reintroduction leads to overpopulation in a threatened mammal. Biol. Conserv. 219:78–88
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R. 2017. Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. PNAS 114:30E6089–96
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Gusset M, Dick G. 2011. The global reach of zoos and aquariums in visitor numbers and conservation expenditures. Zoo Biol. 30:5566–69
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.
    Packer J, Ballantyne R. 2010. The role of zoos and aquariums in education for a sustainable future. New Dir. Adult Contin. Educ. 2010:12725–34
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Patrick PG, Matthews CE, Ayers DF, Tunnicliffe SD. 2007. Conservation and education: prominent themes in zoo mission statements. J. Environ. Educ. 38:353–60
     [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Roe K, McConney A. 2015. Do zoo visitors come to learn? An internationally comparative, mixed-methods study. Environ. Educ. Res. 21:6865–84
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Coe JC. 1985. Design and perception: making the zoo experience real. Zoo Biol. 4:2197–208
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Morgan JM, Hodgkinson M. 1999. The motivation and social orientation of visitors attending a contemporary zoological park. Environ. Behav. 31:2227–39
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Ballantyne R, Packer J. 2016. Visitors’ perceptions of the conservation education role of zoos and aquariums: implications for the provision of learning experiences. Visit. Stud. 19:2193–210
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Whitehouse J, Waller BM, Chanvin M, Wallace EK, Schel AM et al. 2014. Evaluation of public engagement activities to promote science in a zoo environment. PLOS ONE 9:11e113395
     [Google Scholar]
  88. 88.
    Clayton S, Fraser J, Saunders CD. 2009. Zoo experiences: conversations, connections, and concern for animals. Zoo Biol. 28:5377–97
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    Mellish S, Pearson EL, Sanders B, Litchfield CA. 2016. Marine wildlife entanglement and the Seal the Loop initiative: a comparison of two free-choice learning approaches on visitor knowledge, attitudes and conservation behaviour. Int. Zoo Yearb. 50:1129–54
     [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.
    Andersen LL. 2003. Zoo education: from formal school programmes to exhibit design and interpretation. Int. Zoo Yearb. 38:175–81
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.
    Moss A, Esson M. 2010. Visitor interest in zoo animals and the implications for collection planning and zoo education programmes. Zoo Biol. 29:6715–31
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.
    D'Cruze N, Khan S, Carder G, Megson D, Coulthard E et al. 2019. A global review of animal-visitor interactions in modern zoos and aquariums and their implications for wild animal welfare. Animals 9:6332
     [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Fernandez EJ, Tamborski MA, Pickens SR, Timberlake W. 2009. Animal-visitor interactions in the modern zoo: conflicts and interventions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 120:1–21–8
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Carr N. 2016. An analysis of zoo visitors’ favourite and least favourite animals. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 20:70–76
     [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Powell DM, Bullock EVW. 2015. Evaluation of factors affecting emotional responses in zoo visitors and the impact of emotion on conservation mindedness. Anthrozoös 27:3389–405
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Swanagan JS. 2010. Factors influencing zoo visitors’ conservation attitudes and behavior. J. Environ. Educ. 31:426–31
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Smith L, Broad S. 2008. Do zoo visitors attend to conservation messages? A case study of an elephant exhibit. Tour. Rev. Int. 11:3225–35
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    Davey G. 2006. Relationships between exhibit naturalism, animal visibility and visitor interest in a Chinese zoo. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 96:1–293–102
     [Google Scholar]
  99. 99.
    Collins C, Corkery I, McKeown S, McSweeney L, Flannery K et al. 2020. An educational intervention maximizes children's learning during a zoo or aquarium visit. J. Environ. Educ. 51:5361–80
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Miller LJ, Zeigler-Hill V, Mellen J, Koeppel J, Greer T, Kuczaj S. 2013. Dolphin shows and interaction programs: Benefits for conservation education?. Zoo Biol. 32:145–53
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Falk JH, Heimlich JE, Vernon CL, Bronnenkant K. 2010. Critique of a critique: Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors?. Soc. Anim. 18:4415–19
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Hacker CE, Miller LJ. 2016. Zoo visitor perceptions, attitudes, and conservation intent after viewing African elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Zoo Biol. 35:4355–61
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Adelman LM, Falk JH, James S 2000. Impact of National Aquarium in Baltimore on visitors’ conservation attitudes, behavior, and knowledge. Curator 43:133–61
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.
    Lukas KE, Ross SR. 2005. Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes toward gorillas and chimpanzees. J. Environ. Educ. 36:433–48
     [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.
    Moss A, Jensen E, Gusset M. 2015. Evaluating the contribution of zoos and aquariums to Aichi Biodiversity Target 1. Conserv. Biol. 29:2537–44
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.
    Jensen E. 2014. Evaluating children's conservation biology learning at the zoo. Conserv. Biol. 28:41004–11
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Learmonth MJ, Chiew SJ, Godinez A, Fernandez EJ. 2021. Animal-visitor interactions and the visitor experience: visitor behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, and learning in the modern zoo. Anim. Behav. Cogn. 8:4632–49
     [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Davidson SK, Passmore C, Anderson D 2010. Learning on zoo field trips: the interaction of the agendas and practices of students, teachers, and zoo educators. Sci. Educ. 94:1122–41
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Dierking LD, Adelman LM, Ogden J, Lehnhardt K, Miller L, Mellen JD. 2004. Using a behavior change model to document the impact of visits to Disney's Animal Kingdom: a study investigating intended conservation action. Curator 47:3322–43
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Hughes K. 2013. Measuring the impact of viewing wildlife: Do positive intentions equate to long-term changes in conservation behaviour?. J. Sustain. Tour. 21:142–59
     [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Marino L, Lilienfeld SO, Malamud R, Nobis N, Broglio R. 2010. Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors? A critical evaluation of the American Zoo and Aquarium Study. Soc. Anim. 18:2126–38
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Nygren NV, Ojalammi S. 2018. Conservation education in zoos: a literature review. Trace 4:62–76
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Mallavarapu S, Taglialatela LA. 2019. A post-occupancy evaluation of the impact of exhibit changes on conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of zoo visitors. Environ. Educ. Res. 25:101552–69
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Stoinski TS, Allen MT, Bloomsmith MA, Forthman DL, Maple TL. 2010. Educating zoo visitors about complex environmental issues: Should we do it and how?. Curator 45:2129–43
     [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Funk SM, Conde D, Lamoreux J, Fa JE. 2017. Meeting the Aichi targets: pushing for zero extinction conservation. Ambio 46:4443–55
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Kaufman AB, Bashaw MJ, Maple TL, eds. 2018. Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums: Their Role in Conservation and Research Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  117. 117.
    Rose PE, Brereton JE, Rowden LJ, de Figueiredo RL, Riley LM. 2019. What's new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output. Palgrave Commun. 5:128
     [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.
    Welden HLÅ, Stelvig M, Nielsen CK, Purcell C, Eckley L et al. 2020. The contributions of EAZA zoos and aquaria to peer-reviewed scientific research. J. Zoo Aquar. Res. 8:2133–38
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Loh T-L, Larson ER, David SR, de Souza LS, Gericke R et al. 2018. Quantifying the contribution of zoos and aquariums to peer-reviewed scientific research. Facets 3:1287–99
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    Finlay TW, Maple TL. 1986. A survey of research in American zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biol. 5:3261–68
     [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.
    Anderson US, Maple TL, Bloomsmith MA. 2010. Factors facilitating research: a survey of zoo and aquarium professionals. Zoo Biol. 29:6663–75
     [Google Scholar]
  122. 122.
    Anderson US, Kelling AS, Maple TL, Anderson U 2008. Twenty-five years of Zoo Biology: a publication analysis. Zoo Biol. 27:444–57
     [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Wemmer C, Rodden M, Pickett C. 1997. Publication trends in Zoo Biology: a brief analysis of the first 15 years. Zoo Biol. 16:3–8
     [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Hutchins M, Thompson SD. 2008. Zoo and aquarium research: priority setting for the coming decades. Zoo Biol. 27:488–97
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Anzai W, Ban K, Hagiwara S, Kako T, Kashiwagi N et al. 2022. Quantifying the 60-year contribution of Japanese zoos and aquariums to peer-reviewed scientific research. Animals 12:5598
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Raven PH. 2020. Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction. PNAS 117:2413596–602
     [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Titeux N, Brotons L, Settele J. 2019. IPBES promotes integration of multiple threats to biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34:11969–70
     [Google Scholar]
  128. 128.
    Burgass MJ, Arlidge WNS, Addison PFE. 2018. Overstating the value of the IUCN Red List for business decision-making. Conserv. Lett. 11:3e12456
     [Google Scholar]
  129. 129.
    Pergl J, Brundu G, Harrower CA, Cardoso AC, Genovesi P et al. 2020. Applying the Convention on Biological Diversity Pathway Classification to alien species in Europe. NeoBiota 62:333–63
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Veasey JS. 2017. In pursuit of peak animal welfare; the need to prioritize the meaningful over the measurable. Zoo Biol. 36:6413–25
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Albert C, Luque GM, Courchamp F. 2018. The twenty most charismatic species. PLOS ONE 13:7e0199149
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Pino-del-Carpio A, Ariño AH, Villarroya A, Puig J, Miranda R. 2014. The biodiversity data knowledge gap: assessing information loss in the management of Biosphere Reserves. Biol. Conserv. 173:74–79
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306
Loading
The Role of Zoos and Aquariums in a Changing World
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 11, 287 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error