- Home
- A-Z Publications
- Annual Review of Entomology
- Previous Issues
- Volume 54, 2009
Annual Review of Entomology - Volume 54, 2009
Volume 54, 2009
- Preface
-
-
-
Lifelong Safari: The Story of a 93-Year-Old Peripatetic Insect Hunter
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 1–16More LessEdward Shearman Ross’ lifelong interest in insects began in his youth in San Francisco and was encouraged by his artist father. He attended Linfield College, which was endowed by his family, and then transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, to major in entomology, where he was E.O. Essig's teaching assistant. Before his PhD was conferred, he was employed as curator of insects at the California Academy of Sciences. During World War II, he served as Commanding Officer of an army malaria survey unit in combat zones of New Guinea and the Philippines. A Guggenheim Grant enabled Ross to photograph insects in Amazonian forests. As he searched for embiids in Mexico, Central and South America, and throughout Africa, India, Asia, and Australia, he photographed tribal peoples. He produced scientific and popular articles and taught insect biology at U.C. Berkeley. After 70 years at the Academy, he continues to work in his home lab and office and curate the 350,000 embiid specimens.
-
-
-
Ecology and Geographical Expansion of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 17–35More LessJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae) is a leading cause of encephalitis in eastern and southern Asia. The virus is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between ardeid wading birds and/or pigs and Culex mosquitoes. The primary mosquito vector of JEV is Culex tritaeniorhynchus, although species such as Cx. gelidus, Cx. fuscocephala, and Cx. annulirostris are important secondary or regional vectors. Control of JEV is achieved through human and/or swine vaccination, changes in animal husbandry, mosquito control, or a combination of these strategies. This review outlines the ecology of JEV and examines the recent expansion of its geographical range, before assessing its ability to emerge in new regions, using the hypothetical establishment in the United States as a case study.
-
-
-
Species Interactions Among Larval Mosquitoes: Context Dependence Across Habitat Gradients
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 37–56More LessBiotic interactions involving mosquito larvae are context dependent, with effects of interactions on populations altered by ecological conditions. Relative impacts of competition and predation change across a gradient of habitat size and permanence. Asymmetrical competition is common and ecological context changes competitive advantage, potentially facilitating landscape-level coexistence of competitors. Predator effects on mosquito populations sometimes depend on habitat structure and on emergent effects of multiple predators, particularly interference among predators. Nonlethal effects of predators on mosquito oviposition, foraging, and life history are common, and their consequences for populations and for mosquito-borne disease are poorly understood. Context-dependent beneficial effects of detritus shredders on mosquitoes occur in container habitats, but these interactions appear to involve more than simple resource modification by shredders. Investigations of context-dependent interactions among mosquito larvae will yield greater understanding of mosquito population dynamics and provide useful model systems for testing theories of context dependence in communities.
-
-
-
Role of Glucosinolates in Insect-Plant Relationships and Multitrophic Interactions
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 57–83More LessGlucosinolates present classical examples of plant compounds affecting insect-plant interactions. They are found mainly in the family Brassicaceae, which includes several important crops. More than 120 different glucosinolates are known. The enzyme myrosinase, which is stored in specialized plant cells, converts glucosinolates to the toxic isothiocyanates. Insect herbivores may reduce the toxicity of glucosinolates and their products by excretion, detoxification, or behavioral adaptations. Glucosinolates also affect higher trophic levels, via reduced host or prey quality or because specialist herbivores may sequester glucosinolates for their own defense. There is substantial quantitative and qualitative variation between plant genotypes, tissues, and ontogenetic stages, which poses specific challenges to insect herbivores. Even though glucosinolates are constitutive defenses, their levels are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors including insect damage. Plant breeders may use knowledge on glucosinolates to increase insect resistance in Brassica crops. State-of-the-art techniques, such as mutant analysis and metabolomics, are necessary to identify the exact role of glucosinolates.
-
-
-
Conflict, Convergent Evolution, and the Relative Importance of Immature and Adult Characters in Endopterygote Phylogenetics
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 85–104More LessWe use two episodes from systematic history to illustrate how conflict between immature and adult data was important for the development of phylogenetic systematics. A reference search in Zoological Record reveals that most phylogenetic analyses of endopterygote insects continue to utilize morphological rather than DNA sequence data. However, the use of immature and adult data is established for only a few taxa. An assessment of the phylogenetic utility of 73 matrices with immature and adult data reveals that the immature partitions have fewer characters and that immature characters provide lower node support through homoplasy levels in immatures, and adult partitions are comparable. Despite much conflict, analyses based on all available evidence yield better tree resolution and higher support. We argue that DNA sequence-based matching of immature and adult stages will greatly help with the study of endopterygote immatures and facilitate the assembly of combined character matrices with data from all life-history stages.
-
-
-
Gonadal Ecdysteroidogenesis in Arthropoda: Occurrence and Regulation
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 105–125More LessEcdysteroids are multifunctional hormones in male and female arthropods and are stored in oocytes for use during embryogenesis. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation are demonstrated for insect gonads, but not for the gonads of other arthropods. The Y-organ in the cephalothorax of crustaceans and the integument of ticks are sources of secreted ecdysteroids in adults, as in earlier stages, but the tissue source is not known for adults in many arthropod groups. Ecdysteroid metabolism occurs in several tissues of adult arthropods. This review summarizes the evidence for ecdysteroid biosynthesis by gonads and its metabolism in adult arthropods and considers the apparent uniqueness of ecdysteroid hormones in arthropods, given the predominance of vertebrate-type steroids in sister invertebrate groups and vertebrates.
-
-
-
Roles of Thermal Adaptation and Chemical Ecology in Liriomyza Distribution and Control
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 127–145More LessMany Liriomyza species are pests of agricultural and ornamental plants. In the past two decades, the occurrence and distribution of certain Liriomyza species have changed dramatically, leading to an extensive body of research papers. First, we review the association of thermal tolerance with population dynamics, geographic distribution, and species displacement. Differences in thermal tolerances between species result in their differential geographic locations and overwintering ranges. Displacements among Liriomyza species are associated with their temperature adaptation. We examine the chemical linkage of plants, Liriomyza, and their parasitoids. Chemical compounds from host and nonhost plants mediate the behavior of Liriomyza and their parasitoids. Liriomyza and their parasitoids use chemical cues to locate their hosts. Induced compounds can be used as attractants of parasitoids or repellents of Liriomyza. Thus, understanding the thermal tolerances and chemical ecology of Liriomyza may enable researchers to predict geographic distribution and to develop novel control strategies.
-
-
-
Fitness Costs of Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 147–163More LessEvolution of resistance by insect pests threatens the continued effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in sprays and transgenic crops. Fitness costs of Bt resistance occur when, in the absence of Bt toxins, fitness is lower for resistant insects than for susceptible insects. Modeling results show that fitness costs can delay resistance by selecting against Bt-resistant genotypes in refuges where insects are not exposed to Bt toxins. In 77 studies including 18 species, fitness costs were detected in 62% of experiments testing for declines in resistance and in 34% of fitness component comparisons. Mean fitness costs were 15.5% for survival, 7.4% for development time, and 2.5% for mass. Although most fitness costs were recessive, nonrecessive costs can select more strongly against resistance. Because fitness costs vary with ecological conditions, refuges designed to increase the dominance or magnitude of fitness costs could be especially useful for delaying pest resistance.
-
-
-
Insect Herbivore Nutrient Regulation
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 165–187More LessThe primary reason animals, including insect herbivores, eat is to acquire a mix of nutrients needed to fuel the processes of growth, development, and reproduction. Most insect herbivores strongly regulate their nutrient intake when given the opportunity. When they are restricted to imbalanced diets, they employ regulatory rules that govern the extent to which nutrients occurring in excess or deficit are eaten. Insect herbivores also regularly encounter allelochemicals as they eat, and recent work indicates the effect an allelochemical has on nutrient regulation, and insect herbivore performance, is modified depending on a food's nutrient composition. Comparative studies of nutrient regulation suggest coexisting generalist herbivores occupy unique nutritional feeding niches, and work with pathogens and parasitoids has revealed the manner in which top-down pressures influence patterns of nutrient intake. Insect herbivores regulate their nutrient intake using pre- and postingestive mechanisms, plus learning, and there is evidence that some of these mechanisms are shaped by natural selection.
-
-
-
Manipulation of Host Behavior by Parasitic Insects and Insect Parasites
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 189–207More LessParasites often alter the behavior of their hosts in ways that are ultimately beneficial to the parasite or its offspring. Although the alteration of host behavior by parasites is a widespread phenomenon, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are only beginning to be understood. Here, we focus on recent advances in the study of behavioral manipulation via modulation of the host central nervous system. We elaborate on a few case studies, in which recently published data provide explanations for the neuronal basis of parasite-induced alteration of host behavior. Among these, we describe how a worm may influence the nervous system of its cricket host and manipulate the cricket into committing suicide by jumping into water. We then focus on Ampulex compressa, which uses an Alien-like strategy for the sake of its offspring. Unlike most venomous hunters, this wasp injects venom directly into specific cerebral regions of its cockroach prey. As a result of the sting, the cockroach remains alive but immobile, but not paralyzed, and serves to nourish the developing wasp larva.
-
-
-
Bionomics of Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)*
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 209–226More LessThe bagworm family (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) includes approximately 1000 species, all of which complete larval development within a self-enclosing bag. The family is remarkable in that female aptery occurs in over half of the known species and within 9 of the 10 currently recognized subfamilies. In the more derived subfamilies, several life-history traits are associated with eruptive population dynamics, e.g., neoteny of females, high fecundity, dispersal on silken threads, and high level of polyphagy. Other salient features shared by many species include a short embryonic period, developmental synchrony, sexual segregation of pupation sites, short longevity of adults, male-biased sex ratio, sexual dimorphism, protogyny, parthenogenesis, and oviposition in the pupal case. The unusual mating behavior of bagworms, characterized by an earlier emergence of females than males and a high proportion of females that do not mate as adults, challenges conventional wisdom regarding the evolution of mating systems.
-
-
-
Host-Parasitoid Associations in Strepsiptera
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 227–249More LessStrepsiptera are obligate endoparasitoids that exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and parasitize seven orders and 33 families of Insecta. The adult males and the first instar larvae in the Mengenillidia and Stylopidia are free-living, whereas the adult females in Mengenillidia are free-living but in the suborder Stylopidia they remain endoparasitic in the host. Parasitism occurs at the host larval/nymphal stage and continues in a mobile host until that host's adult stage. The life of the host is lengthened to allow the male strepsipteran to complete maturation and the viviparous female to release the first instar larvae when the next generation of the host's larvae/nymphs has been produced. The ability of strepsipterans to parasitize a wide range of hosts, in spite of being endoparasitoids, is perhaps due to their unique immune avoidance system. Aspects of virulence, heterotrophic heteronomy in the family Myrmecolacidae, cryptic species, genomics, immune response, and behavior of stylopized hosts are discussed in this chapter.
-
-
-
Biology of the Parasitoid Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)*
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 251–266More LessAs parasitoids upon solitary bees and wasps and their nest cohabitants, Melittobia have an intricate life history that involves both female cooperation and variably expressed male siblicidal conflict. Inter- and intrasexual dimorphism includes blind, flightless males and (probably nutritionally determined) short- and long-winged females. Thought to be highly inbred, Melittobia do not conform to local mate competition (LMC) theory but exhibit simple forms of many social insect traits, including overlapping adult generations, different female phenotypes, close kinship ties, parental care, and altruistic cooperative escape behaviors. Most host records and research findings are based on only 3 species—M. acasta, M. australica, and M. digitata—but any of the 12 species could have pest potential due to their polyphagy, explosive population growth, cryptic habits, and behavioral plasticity. Readily cultured in the laboratory, Melittobia offer considerable potential as a model for genetic, developmental, and behavioral studies.
-
-
-
Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 267–284More LessGlobally, 1031 species of arthropods are associated with the intensively managed tea Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze monoculture. All parts of the plant, leaf, stem, root, flower, and seed, are fed upon by at least one pest species, resulting in an 11%–55% loss in yield if left unchecked. There has been heavy use of organosynthetic pesticides since the 1950s to defend the plant against these pests, leading to rapid conversion of innocuous species into pests, development of resistance, and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. As a result of importer and consumer concerns, pesticide residues have become a major problem for the tea industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) may help to overcome the overuse of pesticides and subsequent residues. We review the advances made in our understanding of the biology and ecology of major insect and mite pests of tea, host plant resistance, cultural practices, biocontrol measures, and need-based application of botanicals and safer pesticides to understand the present status of IPM and to identify future challenges to improvement.
-
-
-
New Insights into Peritrophic Matrix Synthesis, Architecture, and Function
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 285–302More LessThe peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. Although structurally different, it is functionally similar to the mucous secretions of the vertebrate digestive tract. The PM is a physical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes, and pathogens infectious per os. It is also a biochemical barrier, sequestering and, in some cases, inactivating ingested toxins. Finally, the PM compartmentalizes digestive processes, allowing for efficient nutrient acquisition and reuse of hydrolytic enzymes. The PM consists of an organized lattice of chitin fibrils held together by chitin binding proteins. Glycans fill the interstitial spaces, creating a molecular sieve, the properties of which are dependent on the immediate ion content and pH. In this review, we have integrated recent structural and functional information to create a holistic model for the PM. We also show how this information may generate novel technologies for use in insect pest management.
-
-
-
Adaptation and Invasiveness of Western Corn Rootworm: Intensifying Research on a Worsening Pest*
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 303–321More LessThe western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is an established insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.) in North America. The rotation of maize with another crop, principally soybeans, Glycine max (L.), was the primary management strategy utilized by North American producers and remained highly effective until the mid-1990s. In 1995, widespread and severe root injury occurred in east-central Illinois and northern Indiana maize fields that had been annually rotated with soybeans on a regular basis for several decades. The failure of this cultural tactic from a pest management perspective was attributed to a behavioral adaptation by a variant western corn rootworm that had lost fidelity to maize for egg laying. In 1992, an infestation of western corn rootworm was found within a small maize field near the Belgrade Airport. By 2007, the presence of this insect pest had been confirmed in 20 European countries. More recent molecular studies have confirmed that at least three separate invasions (until 2004) of western corn rootworms have occurred in Europe, increasing the risk that rotation-resistant western corn rootworms will be introduced into a new continent. Although biological control and use of conventional resistant maize hybrids have not achieved widespread success in the management of western corn rootworms in North America, these tactics are being evaluated in Europe.
-
-
-
Impacts of Plant Symbiotic Fungi on Insect Herbivores: Mutualism in a Multitrophic Context
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 323–342More LessWe consider how fungi that form symbiotic associations with plants interact with insect herbivores attacking the same plants. Both endophytes and mycorrhizae have significant impacts on herbivores with which they are in relatively intimate contact, but weaker effects on those from which they are spatially separated. Generalist insects are usually adversely affected by the presence of endophytes and mycorrhizae, whereas specialist insects may often benefit. Effects on feeding guilds vary according to type of fungi; for example, aphids are often negatively affected by endophytes but respond positively to mycorrhizae, and leaf-chewers are usually negatively affected by both types of fungi. There is a strong taxonomic bias in the literature and many interactions remain little studied; laboratory studies predominate over field studies. Although some patterns emerge, there is a large amount of specificity and context dependency in the outcome of interactions, reflecting the influence of fungal and host genotype, fungal, host, and insect species, and environmental factors. Whereas some of the mechanisms underpinning these interactions are relatively well characterized, others remain unclear and await elucidation by molecular and metabolomic techniques.
-
-
-
A Study in Inspiration: Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923) and the Investigation of Insect Behavior
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 343–359More LessCharles Henry Turner was an African American scientist who, while eking out a living as a high school science teacher, made important advances in the study of insect learning and behavior. Contributions include the development of research methods, investigations of color vision and pattern vision in honey bees, and the first demonstration of Pavlovian conditioning in an insect. This review begins with a biography and continues with a summary of his major research accomplishments. Also included are quotations from his publications and from people who knew him. In addition, the question is raised as to why Turner did not receive an academic appointment, and similar data of racial disparity are presented on the small number of African American entomologists. It is suggested that the story of Turner can be used to increase interest in entomology, especially among African Americans.
-
-
-
Monogamy and the Battle of the Sexes
Vol. 54 (2009), pp. 361–378More LessSexual conflict has been suggested to be important in the evolution of reproductive traits, with much recent theoretical and empirical evidence emphasizing its role in generating sexually antagonistic coevolution in the context of promiscuous mating. Here we shift attention to the role of sexual conflict in a monogamous mating context. Conflicts can arise, for example, when males are successful in imposing monandry at a cost to female fitness, or when females impose monogyny on males. Conflict over remating can also generate monogamy. For example, when males invest heavily in attempting to impose female monandry, the cost of their investment may prevent them from securing additional mates. We emphasize that sexual conflicts need not always generate sexually antagonistic coevolution, and that it is important to consider whether mating decisions are controlled primarily by males or females. Finally, we briefly discuss approaches to distinguish between conflict and classical modes of sexual selection, as this highlights difficulties associated with deciding whether monogamy is enforced by one sex or the other. We suggest that documenting the current fitness consequences of mate choice and mating patterns provides insight into the relative importance of classic and conflict modes of selection.
-
Previous Volumes
-
Volume 70 (2025)
-
Volume 69 (2024)
-
Volume 68 (2023)
-
Volume 67 (2022)
-
Volume 66 (2021)
-
Volume 65 (2020)
-
Volume 64 (2019)
-
Volume 63 (2018)
-
Volume 62 (2017)
-
Volume 61 (2016)
-
Volume 60 (2015)
-
Volume 59 (2014)
-
Volume 58 (2013)
-
Volume 57 (2012)
-
Volume 56 (2011)
-
Volume 55 (2010)
-
Volume 54 (2009)
-
Volume 53 (2008)
-
Volume 52 (2007)
-
Volume 51 (2006)
-
Volume 50 (2005)
-
Volume 49 (2004)
-
Volume 48 (2003)
-
Volume 47 (2002)
-
Volume 46 (2001)
-
Volume 45 (2000)
-
Volume 44 (1999)
-
Volume 43 (1998)
-
Volume 42 (1997)
-
Volume 41 (1996)
-
Volume 40 (1995)
-
Volume 39 (1994)
-
Volume 38 (1993)
-
Volume 37 (1992)
-
Volume 36 (1991)
-
Volume 35 (1990)
-
Volume 34 (1989)
-
Volume 33 (1988)
-
Volume 32 (1987)
-
Volume 31 (1986)
-
Volume 30 (1985)
-
Volume 29 (1984)
-
Volume 28 (1983)
-
Volume 27 (1982)
-
Volume 26 (1981)
-
Volume 25 (1980)
-
Volume 24 (1979)
-
Volume 23 (1978)
-
Volume 22 (1977)
-
Volume 21 (1976)
-
Volume 20 (1975)
-
Volume 19 (1974)
-
Volume 18 (1973)
-
Volume 17 (1972)
-
Volume 16 (1971)
-
Volume 15 (1970)
-
Volume 14 (1969)
-
Volume 13 (1968)
-
Volume 12 (1967)
-
Volume 11 (1966)
-
Volume 10 (1965)
-
Volume 9 (1964)
-
Volume 8 (1963)
-
Volume 7 (1962)
-
Volume 6 (1961)
-
Volume 5 (1960)
-
Volume 4 (1959)
-
Volume 3 (1958)
-
Volume 2 (1957)
-
Volume 1 (1956)
-
Volume 0 (1932)