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- Volume 34, 1996
Annual Review of Phytopathology - Volume 34, 1996
Volume 34, 1996
- Review Articles
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MICROBIAL ELICITORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN PLANTS
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 387–412More Less▪ AbstractElicitors are molecules that stimulate any of a number of defense responses in plants. Research over the past decade has focused on the mechanisms by which plant cells perceive and transduce these biological signals to activate defense responses. Of particular interest has been the identification of specific elicitor-binding proteins that might function as physiological receptors in the signal transduction cascade. The existence of specific high-affinity binding sites has been demonstrated for oligosaccharide, glycopeptide, and peptide elicitors, and candidate elicitor-binding proteins have been identified for several of them. The properties of these binding sites/proteins are consistent with those expected of physiologically important receptors, although experimental verification of the role of these binding proteins as receptors has not yet been obtained. The purification and characterization of specific elicitor-binding proteins is essential for a detailed understanding of the molecular basis for the signal exchange between plant hosts and microbial pathogens that leads to activation of host defenses.
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PATHOGEN QUIESCENCE IN POSTHARVEST DISEASES
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 413–434More Less▪ AbstractThis chapter examines the quiescence period during different stages of fungal attack of postharvest pathogens: quiescence during spore germination and initial hyphal development, during and after appressorium formation, and quiescence of germinated appressorium and subcuticular hyphae. The different mechanisms for quiescence are reviewed: factors affecting quiescence of germinated spores, appressoria formation and germination, and fungal colonization. Special emphasis is given to mechanisms of quiescence involving fungal colonization: 1. the pathogen's nutritional requirements, 2. preformed antifungal compounds, 3. the elicitation of phytoalexins and preformed compounds, and 4. the activation of factors in fungal pathogenicity.
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GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO WHEAT LEAF RUST1
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 435–455More Less▪ AbstractLeaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) is the most widespread and regularly occurring rust on wheat. Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses due to leaf rust. To date, 46 leaf rust resistance genes have been designated and mapped in wheat. Resistance gene expression is dependent on the genetics of host-parasite interaction, temperature conditions, plant developmental stage, and interaction between resistance genes with suppressors or other resistance genes in the wheat genomes. Genes expressed in seedling plants have not provided long-lasting effective leaf rust resistance. Adult-plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34 singly and together have provided the most durable resistance to leaf rust in wheat throughout the world. Continued efforts to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes is essential given the ability of the leaf rust fungus to overcome deployed resistance genes.
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RECOMBINATION AND THE MULTILOCUS STRUCTURE OF FUNGAL POPULATIONS
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 457–477More Less▪ AbstractThis review examines the relationship between recombination and the multilocus structure of populations. This discussion of population structure is based on the pattern of genetic variation within populations, especially the frequencies of multilocus genotypes, which can be used for making inferences about recombination. Three questions are addressed: Is population structure consistent with a random mating hypothesis? Is there evidence for recombination? How frequently does recombination occur?
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QTL MAPPING AND QUANTITATIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 479–501More Less▪ AbstractQuantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant disease resistance. With QTL mapping, the roles of specific resistance loci can be described, race-specificity of partial resistance genes can be assessed, and interactions between resistance genes, plant development, and the environment can be analyzed. Outstanding examples include: quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, late blight of potato, gray leaf spot of maize, bacterial wilt of tomato, and the soybean cyst nematode. These studies provide insights into the number of quantitative resistance loci involved in complex disease resistance, epistatic and environmental interactions, race-specificity of partial resistance loci, interactions between pathogen biology, plant development and biochemistry, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative loci. QTL mapping also provides a framework for marker-assisted selection of complex disease resistance characters and the positional cloning of partial resistance genes.
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BREEDING DISEASE-RESISTANT WHEATS FOR TROPICAL HIGHLANDS AND LOWLANDS1
H.J. Dubin, and S. RajaramVol. 34 (1996), pp. 503–526More Less▪ AbstractWheat is grown on about 10 million ha in the tropical highlands and lowlands of the world, where it is an important food source. Many farmers in these areas work under subsistence conditions. Wheat diseases in tropical regions can be severe and require significant efforts to control. For economic and environmental reasons, host plant resistance is the most appropriate and sustainable disease control method. We describe highland and lowland tropical wheat regions and discuss CIMMYT's breeding strategies, philosophies, and progress in developing resistance to the major diseases such as rusts, foliar blights, fusarium scab, BYD, and spot blotch. Additionally, we review the role of national wheat research programs and beneficial spillovers of our combined breeding efforts to other wheat production areas of the world.
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CHANGING OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF DECIDUOUS FRUIT TREE DISEASES
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 527–547More Less▪ AbstractThe evolution of disease management programs for deciduous fruit trees in the United States over the past 50 years has been influenced by factors that include public concern over pesticide residues on fruit and in the environment, the development of resistance of many important tree pathogens to fungicides and bactericides, the loss of fungicide registrations and restrictions on their use due to concern for human health and the environment and/or marketing decisions by the manufacturers, and changes in cultural practices and marketing objectives. These factors have led to wider use of forecasting models and cultural controls, the development of resistance management strategies, and the introduction of new equipment and methods for pesticide application. These same factors will most likely continue to drive the fruit industry to adopt disease management programs that rely less on pesticides in the future.
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RESISTANCE TO PHENYLAMIDE FUNGICIDES:A Case Study with Phytophthora infestans Involving Mating Type and Race Structure
Vol. 34 (1996), pp. 549–572More Less▪ AbstractPhenylamide-resistant isolates of Phytophthora infestans have gradually become an important part of populations in many countries. However, fungicide mixtures containing a phenylamide component are still an effective strategy for the control of late blight in potato and tomato. The proportion of phenylamide-resistant isolates fluctuates from year to year and within the season. Almost concurrent with the appearance of resistant isolates was the discovery of the A2 mating type of P. infestans in many European countries and in other parts of the world. However, no genetic correlation exists between resistance and mating type, and the proportion of A2 isolates in European populations remains small. Resistance to phenylamides became established in A1 populations before the appearance of A2 type. Resistant isolates express equal or greater fitness than sensitive isolates, but no correlation was detected between resistance and race structure. The continuous changes in P. infestans populations require careful adaptation of successful disease control programs.
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STATUS OF CACAO WITCHES' BROOM: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management
LH Purdy, and RA SchmidtVol. 34 (1996), pp. 573–594More Less▪ AbstractOrigins of Theobroma cacao and Crinipellis perniciosa occurred in the Amazon Basin region of South America, and their interaction, the witches' broom disease, was first described in the late 1700s. The 100 years of scientific investigations of witches' broom of cacao that began in the 1890s developed the present state of knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of witches' broom that are discussed. Recommended management to reduce the deleterious effects of witches' broom on cacao production include the use of phytosanitation (removal of diseased plant parts), applications of chemical fungicides, and the use of host resistance. At present, there is a paucity of resistant planting materials, and efforts to evaluate germplasm for resistance to witches' broom are described. Research topics to augment present knowledge about witches' broom of cacao are presented with the hope that disease management can be improved.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 62 (2024)
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Volume 61 (2023)
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Volume 60 (2022)
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Volume 59 (2021)
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Volume 58 (2020)
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Volume 57 (2019)
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Volume 56 (2018)
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Volume 55 (2017)
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Volume 54 (2016)
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Volume 53 (2015)
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Volume 52 (2014)
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Volume 51 (2013)
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Volume 50 (2012)
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Volume 49 (2011)
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Volume 48 (2010)
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Volume 47 (2009)
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Volume 46 (2008)
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Volume 45 (2007)
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Volume 44 (2006)
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Volume 43 (2005)
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Volume 42 (2004)
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Volume 41 (2003)
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Volume 40 (2002)
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Volume 39 (2001)
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Volume 38 (2000)
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Volume 37 (1999)
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Volume 36 (1998)
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Volume 35 (1997)
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Volume 34 (1996)
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Volume 33 (1995)
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Volume 32 (1994)
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Volume 31 (1993)
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Volume 30 (1992)
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Volume 29 (1991)
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Volume 28 (1990)
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Volume 27 (1989)
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Volume 26 (1988)
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Volume 25 (1987)
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Volume 24 (1986)
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Volume 23 (1985)
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Volume 22 (1984)
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Volume 21 (1983)
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Volume 20 (1982)
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Volume 19 (1981)
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Volume 18 (1980)
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Volume 17 (1979)
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Volume 16 (1978)
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Volume 15 (1977)
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Volume 14 (1976)
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Volume 13 (1975)
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Volume 12 (1974)
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Volume 11 (1973)
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Volume 10 (1972)
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Volume 9 (1971)
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Volume 8 (1970)
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Volume 7 (1969)
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Volume 6 (1968)
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Volume 5 (1967)
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Volume 4 (1966)
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Volume 3 (1965)
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Volume 2 (1964)
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Volume 1 (1963)
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Volume 0 (1932)