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- Volume 32, 2016
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - Volume 32, 2016
Volume 32, 2016
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Plasticity of Cell Migration In Vivo and In Silico
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 491–526More LessCell migration results from stepwise mechanical and chemical interactions between cells and their extracellular environment. Mechanistic principles that determine single-cell and collective migration modes and their interconversions depend upon the polarization, adhesion, deformability, contractility, and proteolytic ability of cells. Cellular determinants of cell migration respond to extracellular cues, including tissue composition, topography, alignment, and tissue-associated growth factors and cytokines. Both cellular determinants and tissue determinants are interdependent; undergo reciprocal adjustment; and jointly impact cell decision making, navigation, and migration outcome in complex environments. We here review the variability, decision making, and adaptation of cell migration approached by live-cell, in vivo, and in silico strategies, with a focus on cell movements in morphogenesis, repair, immune surveillance, and cancer metastasis.
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Mechanical Control of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Cancer
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 527–554More LessMechanical force modulates development, influences tissue homeostasis, and contributes to disease. Forces sculpt tissue-level behaviors and direct cell fate by engaging mechanoreceptors and by altering organization of the cytoskeleton and actomyosin contractility to stimulate mechanotransduction mechanisms that alter transcription. Nevertheless, how force specifically leverages mechanotransduction pathways to control transcriptional regulation of cell fate remains unclear. Here we review recent findings specifically in the context of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions that have revealed conserved mechanisms whereby extracellular force, mediated through cell–extracellular matrix and cell-cell junctional complexes, induces transcriptional reprogramming to alter cell and tissue fate. We focus on the interplay between tissue mechanics and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions that occur during embryonic development and cancer malignancy. We describe the adhesion-linked cellular machinery that mediates mechano-transduction and elaborate on how these force-linked networks stimulate key transcriptional programs that induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotypic transition, thereby providing an overview of how mechanical signals can be translated into a change in cell fate.
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of MT1-MMP-Dependent Cancer Cell Invasion
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 555–576More LessMetastasis is responsible for most cancer-associated deaths. Accumulating evidence based on 3D migration models has revealed a diversity of invasive migratory schemes reflecting the plasticity of tumor cells to switch between proteolytic and nonproteolytic modes of invasion. Yet, initial stages of localized regional tumor dissemination require proteolytic remodeling of the extracellular matrix to overcome tissue barriers. Recent data indicate that surface-exposed membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), belonging to a group of membrane-anchored MMPs, plays a central role in pericellular matrix degradation during basement membrane and interstitial tissue transmigration programs. In addition, a large body of work indicates that MT1-MMP is targeted to specialized actin-rich cell protrusions termed invadopodia, which are responsible for matrix degradation. This review describes the multistep assembly of actin-based invadopodia in molecular details. Mechanisms underlying MT1-MMP traffic to invadopodia through endocytosis/recycling cycles, which are key to the invasive program of carcinoma cells, are discussed.
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Structural Perspectives on Axon Guidance
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 577–608More LessAxon guidance relies on a combinatorial code of receptor and ligand interactions that direct adhesive/attractive and repulsive cellular responses. Recent structural data have revealed many of the molecular mechanisms that govern these interactions and enabled the design of sophisticated mutant tools to dissect their biological functions. Here, we discuss the structure/function relationships of four major classes of guidance cues (ephrins, semaphorins, slits, netrins) and examples of morphogens (Wnt, Shh) and of cell adhesion molecules (FLRT). These cell signaling systems rely on specific modes of receptor-ligand binding that are determined by selective binding sites; however, defined structure-encoded receptor promiscuity also enables cross talk between different receptor/ligand families and can also involve extracellular matrix components. A picture emerges in which a multitude of highly context-dependent structural assemblies determines the finely tuned cellular behavior required for nervous system development.
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The Role of Adipocytes in Tissue Regeneration and Stem Cell Niches
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 609–631More LessClassically, white adipose tissue (WAT) was considered an inert component of connective tissue but is now appreciated as a major regulator of metabolic physiology and endocrine homeostasis. Recent work defining how WAT develops and expands in vivo emphasizes the importance of specific locations of WAT or depots in metabolic regulation. Interestingly, mature white adipocytes are integrated into several tissues. A new perspective regarding the in vivo regulation and function of WAT in these tissues has highlighted an essential role of adipocytes in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Finally, there has been significant progress in understanding how mature adipocytes regulate the pathology of several diseases. In this review, we discuss these novel roles of WAT in the homeostasis and regeneration of epithelial, muscle, and immune tissues and how they contribute to the pathology of several disorders.
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Hemodynamic Control of Endothelial Cell Fates in Development
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 633–648More LessBiomechanical forces are emerging as critical regulators of embryogenesis, particularly in the developing cardiovascular system. From the onset of blood flow, the embryonic vasculature is continuously exposed to a variety of hemodynamic forces. These biomechanical stimuli are key determinants of vascular cell specification and remodeling and the establishment of vascular homeostasis. In recent years, major advances have been made in our understanding of mechano-activated signaling networks that control both spatiotemporal and structural aspects of vascular development. It has become apparent that a major site for mechanotransduction is situated at the interface of blood and the vessel wall and that this process is controlled by the vascular endothelium. In this review, we discuss the hemodynamic control of endothelial cell fates, focusing on arterial-venous specification, lymphatic development, and the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and present some recent insights into the mechano-activated pathways driving these cell fate decisions in the developing embryo.
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Regulation of Hematopoiesis and Osteogenesis by Blood Vessel–Derived Signals
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 649–675More LessIn addition to their conventional role as a versatile transport system, blood vessels provide signals controlling organ development, regeneration, and stem cell behavior. In the skeletal system, certain capillaries support perivascular osteoprogenitor cells and thereby control bone formation. Blood vessels are also a critical component of niche microenvironments for hematopoietic stem cells. Here we discuss key pathways and factors controlling endothelial cell behavior in bone, the role of vessels in osteogenesis, and the nature of vascular stem cell niches in bone marrow.
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Lymphangiogenesis: Origin, Specification, and Cell Fate Determination
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 677–691More LessThe two vascular systems of our body are the blood and the lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature network has significantly improved. The availability of novel animal models and better imaging tools led to the identification of lymphatics in tissues and organs previously thought to be devoid of them. Similarly, the classical textbook list of established functional roles of the lymphatic system has been expanded by the addition of novel findings. In this review we provide a historical perspective of some of the important landmarks that opened the doors to researchers working in this field. We also summarize some of the current views about embryonic lymphangiogenesis, particularly about the source(s), commitment, and differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Emergence and Evolution of Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 693–711More LessFor effective adaptive immunity to foreign antigens (Ag), secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) provide the confined environment in which Ag-restricted lymphocytes, with very low precursor frequencies, interact with Ag on Ag-presenting cells (APC). The spleen is the primordial SLO, arising in conjunction with adaptive immunity in early jawed vertebrates. The spleen, especially the spleen's lymphoid compartment, the white pulp (WP), has undergone numerous modifications over evolutionary time. We describe the progressive advancement of splenic WP complexity, which evolved in parallel with the increasing functionality of adaptive immunity. The Ag-presenting function of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) also likely emerged at the inception of adaptive immunity, and we propose that a single type of hematopoietically derived APC displayed Ag to both T and B cells. A dedicated FDC, derived from a vascular precursor, is a recent evolutionary innovation that likely permitted the robust affinity maturation found in mammals.
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Chemical Principles in Tissue Clearing and Staining Protocols for Whole-Body Cell Profiling
Vol. 32 (2016), pp. 713–741More LessMammalian bodies have more than a billion cells per cubic centimeter, which makes whole-body cell (WBC) profiling of an organism one of the ultimate challenges in biology and medicine. Recent advances in tissue-clearing technology have enabled rapid and comprehensive cellular analyses in whole organs and in the whole body by a combination of state-of-the-art technologies of optical imaging and image informatics. In this review, we focus mainly on the chemical principles in currently available techniques for tissue clearing and staining to facilitate our understanding of their underlying mechanisms. Tissue clearing is usually conducted by the following steps: (a) fixation, (b) permeabilization, (c) decolorizing, and (d) refractive index (RI) matching. To phenotype individual cells after tissue clearing, it is important to visualize genetically encoded fluorescent reporters and/or to stain tissues with fluorescent dyes, fluorescent labeled antibodies, or nucleic acid probes. Although some technical challenges remain, the chemical principles in tissue clearing and staining for WBC profiling will enable various applications, such as identifying cellular circuits across multiple organs and measuring their dynamics in stochastic and proliferative cellular processes, for example, autoimmune and malignant neoplastic diseases.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 40 (2024)
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Volume 39 (2023)
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Volume 38 (2022)
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Volume 37 (2021)
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Volume 36 (2020)
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Volume 35 (2019)
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Volume 34 (2018)
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Volume 33 (2017)
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Volume 32 (2016)
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Volume 31 (2015)
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Volume 30 (2014)
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Volume 29 (2013)
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Volume 28 (2012)
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Volume 27 (2011)
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Volume 26 (2010)
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Volume 25 (2009)
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Volume 24 (2008)
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Volume 23 (2007)
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Volume 22 (2006)
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Volume 21 (2005)
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Volume 20 (2004)
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Volume 19 (2003)
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Volume 18 (2002)
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Volume 17 (2001)
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Volume 16 (2000)
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Volume 15 (1999)
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Volume 14 (1998)
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Volume 13 (1997)
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Volume 12 (1996)
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Volume 11 (1995)
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Volume 10 (1994)
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Volume 9 (1993)
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Volume 8 (1992)
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Volume 7 (1991)
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Volume 6 (1990)
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Volume 5 (1989)
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Volume 4 (1988)
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Volume 3 (1987)
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Volume 2 (1986)
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Volume 1 (1985)
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Volume 0 (1932)